Small brigades, large regiments

[Elennsar]

I was going to post this in the thread on McClellan, but it would be throughly off topic:

http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/sources/recordView.cfm?Content=014/0604

HEADQUARTERS, June 17, 1862.

General D. H. HILL,
Commanding Division: GENERAL: According to my papers you now have eight North Carolina regiments, or two brigades. The one regiment (892 men) you speak of is as large as some of my brigades. This, with the other two regiments of 200 each, will go considerably above most of my brigades. Now, if you will give him one of your other regiments I think his brigade will be quite a respectable one. To call a brigade of 1,600 small - I think it quite respectable for these times. I cannot promise another regiment. I don't think that more than four should be in a brigade, unless they are exceedingly small.

Most respectfully,
JAMES LONGSTREET, Major-General, Commanding.


That there would be brigades at ~900 men, with 1300 being "considerably above" most of his brigades, is worrisome. Were this around Antietam or later, that would not surprise me - but not around the Seven Days.

There are only three possibilities:

1) Longstreet is lying. I find this doubtful, because there's no reason for him to do so. Nor would it be in character.

2) Longstreet is mistaken. Such things would not be overly surprising - the ~800 (?) man (each) 17th and 42nd North Carolina are later compared to the size of Ransom's whole brigade (by all I've learned, Ransom's brigade should be ~2,700-3,000 at that time) - though how such errors could be made is quite beyond me.

3) We're missing something and the brigades really are that small.

That being said, again from all I've read, sixteen hundred men is a pretty decent sized brigade. Not large, certainly, but not small - though I would expect a brigade that hasn't seen much action to be larger.

Anyone have any thoughts, either to add to this or to clarify?

 

[M E Wolf]

Southern Historical Society Papers.
Richmond, Va., Aug., 1920. New Series, Vol. 5, Old Series, Vol. XLIII.
Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign--Chapter IV.--Winchester.
[excerpt]
(17) On the 21st of May the First Maryland and Brockenbrough's battery were constituted the "Maryland Line," Intended as the nucleus of a brigade to be commanded by Gen. George H. Steuart, who had been recently commissioned by the Confederate government to collect the Maryland troops into one body. Elzey was put in command of a brigade composed of the Thirteenth Virginia regiment and three of Gen. Edward Johnson's regiments (Twelfth Georgia and Thirty-first and Twenty-fifth Virginia regiments). The remaining three regiments of Johnson (Forty-fourth, Fifty-second, and Fifty-eighth Virginia) continued under command of Col. Scott, of the Forty-fourth Virginia, until early in June, when, on the retreat from Strasburg, they were united with the other troops under Steuart, and were commanded by him at Cross Keys.
(six-gun) and Brockenbrough's (four-gun) batteries, and of the Second and Sixth Virginia cavalry, under Cols. Munford and Flournoy. This division numbered, including the cavalry, about eight thousand (8,000), and increased Jackson's effective force to some sixteen or seventeen thousand (16,000 or 17,000) men, with eleven batteries, containing forty-eight (48) guns.(18)
(18) I have been able to find no complete returns of Ewell's, Jackson's, or Johnson's forces for the period between March and July, 1862, in the Confederate archives; hence the Confederate strength has been deduced from various data.
I. Gen. Ewell writes to Gen. Lee, April 16 (see letter on file among Confederate archives): "This division numbered, on the 12th, 6500 men aggregate. Large accessions have been and are coming in, and the strength is now somewhat over 8000, exclusive of two regiments of cavalry, mounting over 500 men. I have 14 pieces of artillery."
In Gen. J. E. Johnston's return for February 28, Ewell's division (the Third) is given as: effective, 4918; total, 5251; aggregate, 5598.
"Effective" means all the privates and non-commissioned officers present for duty; "total," all the privates and non-commissioned officers present, including those sick, in arrest, and on extra duty; "aggregate," all the officers and men present. The difference between the "total" and the "aggregate" equals all the officers present, both for duty and sick, etc. The real strength for action is to be gotten by adding to the "effective" strength the officers "present for duty." The above return does not give this last, but it was of course less than 347 (the difference between "total" and "aggregate"). The difference between "effective" and "total" (equal 333 above) represents the men sick, on extra duty, or in arrest, and was equal to about six per cent. of the aggregate. Now deducting from Ewell's aggregate (8000) for April 16, six per cent. for sick, etc., we have, say 7500, for his effective strength, including all officers present at that time. Add the cavalry, and we get the 8000 estimated in the text. Between the 16th of April and the middle of May, Ewell lost Bowyer's battery, ordered elsewhere, and the Tenth Virginia regiment, transferred to Taliaferro's brigade, of Jackson's division; but I suppose these losses to have been made up by men Joining. (This estimate of the strength of Ewell's division agrees with that furnished me by Maj. G. Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill, Tennessee, then assistant adjutant-general on Gen. Ewell's staff.)
II. Gen. Edward Johnson's return for February, 1862, shows his officers and men then present for duty to have been 2418, and a letter of his, dated March 18, reports his "present for duty" at that time as 2425.
In a letter of Gen. Lee to Jackson, April 29, he speaks of Gen. Edward Johnson as having a "present force of upwards of 3500," and Col. A. Smead, assistant adjutant-general to Gen. Johnson, says that the latter had an effective strength of 3000 at McDowell. Deducting the losses at that battle, the total strength of his brigade may have been about 3000 at the middle of May.
III. Jackson's division consisted of three brigades, containing eleven and a half regiments of infantry, five batteries of artillery, and Ashby's cavalry. Five of these regiments were in the "Stonewall" (Winder's) brigade. The strength of this brigade at Winchester, on May 25th, was 1529, rank and file, and adding in officers, it could not have exceeded 1700 in all, or an average of 340 per regiment. Col. Campbell's brigade of three and a half regiments in the same division numbered, officers and men present for duty, April 1, 1391, an average strength of nearly 400 per regiment. Taking the larger average, the division may have contained say 4600 infantry, and adding from 300 to 400 for artillery, and say 700 for cavalry (Ashby had twenty-three companies), Jackson's division, including his cavalry, must have numbered about 5500 or 6000. The sum of his forces then did not exceed 17,000 men. Dr. Dabney (then adjutant-general to Gen. Jackson) puts his force at 16,000 men, and so does Gen. Banks, in a telegram to his government dated May 21.

 

[M E Wolf]

Also..........

For the US Army in 1861's Manual --they define a Division as having 2 or more Brigades.

Brigade is defined as 2 or more Regiments -- usually no more than 4.

Regiment is defined as 10 or more Companies

Battalion is defined as 2 or more Companies

Company was defined as having 82 privates, divided in four (4) squads.

This 'strength' is noted in "Scott's Manual for the US Army," as well as the 1861 Revised Regulations of the Army of the United States.
============================================================
Looking at 17th North Carolina's record in "The Official Records of the Rebellion" --
( I am only going to look for anything with troop strength and numbers);
O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME 9 [S# 9]
FEBRUARY 8, 1862.--Battle of Roanoke Island, N. C.
No. 33. -- Report of the Investigating Committee Confederate House of Representatives.
The entire military force stationed upon the island prior to and at the time of the late engagement consisted of the Eighth Regiment of North Carolina State troops, under the command of Col. H. M. Shaw; the Thirty-first Regiment of North Carolina Volunteers, under the command of Col. J. V. Jordan, and three companies of the Seventeenth North Carolina troops, under the command of Maj. G. H. Hill. After manning the several forts on February 7 there were but 1,024 men left, and 200 of them were upon the sick list.
--------------------------------------------------------
O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME 9 [S# 9]
FEBRUARY 10, 1862.--Action at Elizabeth City, N. C.
Report of Col. C. F. Henningsen, Fifty-ninth Virginia Infantry.
On the morning of the 11th I received a communication from Colonel Wright, of the Third Georgia Regiment, stating that he was 5 miles from Elizabeth City, with 400 of his regiment at South Mills, that 500 more were expected, and that he would wait to hear from me.
I marched on the 11th by what is called the Desert Road to this place with the artillery and a company of the Seventeenth North Carolina Volunteers, which (40 strong), under Lieutenant Lyons, reported to me the preceding night, being part of the force escaped from the naval battery opposite Roanoke Island.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME XVIII [S# 26]
CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING SPECIALLY TO OPERATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA FROM AUGUST 20, 1862, TO JUNE 3, 1863.
CONFEDERATE CORRESPONDENCE. ETC.--#14
PETERSBURG, VA., June 3, 1863.
Hon. JAMES A. SEDDON,
Secretary of War, C. S. A.:
I hope that I will not be regarded as intrusive for again urging that Ransom be sent to North Carolina.
The political reasons are still stronger than the military. I am satisfied that if the Yankees get on the railroad there will be an amount of toryism developed not now dreamed of. Mr. Warren, of Beaufort, one of the Governor's council, said in a speech in the Legislature that if the enemy got possession of the railroad it would be time for North Carolina to decide to whom her allegiance was due, the United States or Confederate States Government. Holden and his followers are ready to go to Goldsborough to meet the Yankees and welcome them to the State.
The Forty-second and Seventeenth North Carolina regiments are large and strong, and I would be willing to give up either of them to secure Ransom, and I presume either has as many men as his brigade.
Very respectfully,
D. H. HILL,
Major-General.
-----
O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME XVIII [S# 26]
MARCH 10-18, 1863.--Demonstration on Plymouth, N.C.
Report of Maj. Walter G. Bartholomew, Twenty-seventh Massachusetts Infantry, commanding Post.
We were under arms the remainder of the night but were not molested In the morning I sent a party to reconnoiter, who went as far as Corpeur's blacksmith's shop, which had been used as a picket post, and burned it in sight of the enemy, and ascertained their strength to be about 800 men of the Seventeenth North Carolina Regiment.
------------------------------------------------------------
O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XLVI/2 [S# 96]
UNION CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA (JANUARY 1-31), WEST VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, AND PENNSYLVANIA, FROM JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 15, 1865.--#11
HEADQUARTERS NEWPORT BARRACKS, N. C.,
January 26, 1865.
Captain ATWILL,
Acting Assistant Adjutant-General, Morehead City, N. C.:
SIR: Nine deserters from Company B, Seventeenth North Carolina (Confederate), have just been brought in by my guards. They left Wilmington on Wednesday, the 18th instant. They report Lieutenant-General Anderson commanding the Confederates at that place, and report his command 5,000 infantry, 20 pieces of artillery, and only a small number of cavalry. The 5,000 infantry and the artillery are under the immediate command of General Hoke. When the deserters left Wilmington Hoke was fortified at Sugar Loaf Hill, a distance of about four miles from Fort Fisher; but the deserters say that since they left Wilmington they were informed that Hoke was falling back toward Wilmington.
H. SPLAINE,
Lieut. Col. Seventeenth Massachusetts Volunteers, Comdg. Camp.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Navy O.R.-- Series I--Volume 6 [S# 6]
Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
From October 29, 1861, to March 8, 1862. pp. 612-649
I marched on the 11th by what is called the Desert road to this place with the artillery and a company of the Seventeenth North Carolina Volunteers, which (40 strong), under Lieutenant Lyons, reported to me the preceding night, being part of the force escaped from the naval battery opposite Roanoke Island.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

[M E Wolf]

O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME 9 [S# 9]
CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA FROM JANUARY 11 TO AUGUST 20, 1862.
CONFEDERATE CORRESPONDENCE, ETC.
Abstract from return of District of the Cape Fear, commanded by Brig. Gen. Joseph R. Anderson, for January, 1862.
O Officers. B Aggregate present and absent
M Men. C Heavy
P Present for duty D Field
A Aggregate present E Pieces of artillery

------P---- --------E------
Commands. O M A B C D
Wilmington, N.C. 45 677 943 1,042 .... ....
Camp Grant 4 69 78 84 .... ....
Camp Davis 4 64 76 102 .... 6
Camp Heath 4 77 85 91 .... ....
Camp Wyatt 43 637 746 891 .... ....
Fort Fisher 15 232 310 356 25 4
Zeeke's Island 2 73 91 99 3 ....
Fort Johnston 41 593 711 794 .... ....
Fort Caswell 14 217 312 348 34 1
Camp Hopkins 4 70 74 79 .... ....
Swansborough 3 64 75 102 .... ....
Huggins' Island 4 64 64 68 .... ....
Total 183 2,837 3,565 4,056 62 11
--------------------
Abstract from return of the District of Pamlico, commanded by Brig. Gen. L. O'B. Branch, for January, 1862.
O Officers. B Aggregate present and absent
M Men. C Heavy
P Present for duty D Field
A Aggregate present E Pieces of artillery

------P---- --------E------
Commands. O M A B C D
Fort Macon, Shell point, and Harker's Island 32 434 660 749 .... ....
Camp Vance 42 766 905 976 .... ....
Camp Graham 29 497 592 684 .... ....
Camp Fisher 26 470 595 705 .... ....
New Berne 62 705 992 1,315 .... ....
Post of Washington 64 1,034 1,305 1,457 .... ....
Hyde County 27 464 584 651 .... ....
Post of the Neuse 97 1,585 1,883 2,137 .... ....
Total 379 5,955 7,516 8,674 .... ....

District of the Cape Fear brought forward 183 2,837 3,565 4,056 62 11
Goldsborough N. C. 34th Regiment North Carolina troops 37 709 792 910 .... ....
Grand total 599 9,501 11,873 13,640 62 11
-------------------------------------------
Abstract from post return of Fort Bartow,(*) Roanoke Island, N. C., commanded by Maj. G. H. Hill, for January, 1862.
O Officers. C Total present and absent
M Men. D Aggregate present and absent
A Total present E Present for duty
B Aggregate present

------E----
Troops. O M A B C D
Field and staff 3 2 2 5 2 6
17th North Carolina troops:
Company E 3 67 70 73 77 81
Company I 3 52 76 79 82 86
Company L 3 57 74 77 83 87
Total 12 178 222 234 244 260
-----

 

[Elennsar]

Much appreciated.

There seems to be a shortage of clearly spelled out numbers - for good reasons, I'm sure, but it makes the task of the student a lot harder.

 

[M E Wolf]

O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME XXXVI/2 [S# 68]
MAY 4-JUNE 2, 1864.--Operations on the south side of the James River, Va.
No. 106.--Report of Brig. Gen. James G. Martin, C. S. Army, commanding brigade, of casualties May 20.
Wounded. Missing.
17th North Carolina Regiment:
Officers .... 3 ....
Non-commissioned officers .... 3 ....
Privates 6 35 1
42d North Carolina Regiment:
Officers .... 2 ....
Non-commissioned officers 1 4 ....
Privates 5 42 ....
66th North Carolina Regiment:
Officers .... 2 ....
Non-commissioned officers .... 2 ....
Privates 1 9 (a)7
Total 13 102 8

Respectfully forwarded.
J. G. MARTIN,
Brigadier-General.
----------------------------------
O.R.-- SERIES I--VOLUME XXXVI/3 [S# 69]
CONFEDERATE CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS IN SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA, FROM MAY 20, 1864, TO JUNE 12, 1864.--#1
Abstract from field return of troops in Hoke's division, May. Gen. Robert F. Hoke commanding, for May 21, 1864.
O Officers. A Aggregate present
M Men. B Aggregate present and absent
P Present for duty

------P-----
Command. O M A B
Martin's brigade 136 1,822 1,958 ....
Hagood's brigade 92 1,444 1,809 3,734
Clingman's brigade 122 1,433 1,596 2,900
Colquitt's brigade 135 1,569 1,875 2,978
Read's battalion artillery 17 355 418 529
Grand total 502 6,623 7,656 10,141
Composition of Hoke's Division.
Martin's Brigade.
17th North Carolina.
42d North Carolina.
66th North Carolina.
Clingman's Brigade.
8th North Carolina.
31st North Carolina.
51st North Carolina.
61st North Carolina.
Hagood's Brigade.
7th South Carolina Battalion.
11th South Carolina.
21st South Carolina.
25th South Carolina.
27th South Carolina.
Colquitt's Brigade,
6th Georgia.
19th Georgia.
23d Georgia.
27th Georgia.
28th Georgia.
Read's Thirty-eighth Virginia Battalion Artillery.
Blount's battery.
Caskie's battery.
Macon's battery.
Marshall's battery.
-----
O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XLII/1 [S# 87]
DECEMBER 7-27, 1864.--Expedition to and operations against Fort Fisher, N.C.
No. 28.--Report of Brig. Gen. William W. Kirkland, C. S. Army, commanding brigade.
Report of Casualties near Sugar Loaf. December 25, I864.
K Killed. M Missing.
W Wounded. T Total.

K W M T

Kirkland's Brigade.

17th North Carolina Regiment:
Noncommissioned officers .... 2 .... 2
Privates 3 9 1 13
Total 3 11 1 15
2d North Carolina Regiment:
Officers .... .... 2 2
Non-commissioned officers .... .... 6 6
Privates 1 2 74 77
Total 1 2 (a)82 85

56th North Carolina Troops:
tabletempNon.commissioned officers .... 1 .... 1
Privates 1 .... .... 1
Total 1 1 .... 2
Aggregate 5 14 83 102

------------------------------------------------------
continued

 

[M E Wolf]

FOX'S REGIMENTAL LOSSES
CHAPTER XV.
LIST OF BATTLES SHOWING CONFEDERATE REGIMENTS WHICH SUSTAINED THE GREATEST LOSS IN EACH.
K Killed M Missing.
W Wounded T Total.

Regiment. Brigade. Division. K W M T
CHANCELLORSVILLE, VA.
May 1-3, 1863.
37th North Carolina Lane's A.P. Hill's 34 193 -- 227
2d North Carolina Ramseur's D.H. Hill's 47 167 -- 214
3th North Carolina Pender's A.P. Hill's 31 178 7 216
3d North Carolina Colston's Trimble's 38 141 17 196
22d North Carolina Pender's A.P. Hill's 30 139 15 184
17th North Carolina Lane's A.P. Hill's 37 127 -- 164
4th North Carolina Ramseur's D.H. Hill's 45 110 58 213
5th Alabama Rodes's D.H. Hill's 24 130 121 275
50th Georgia Semmes's McLaws's 17 153 -- 170
4th Georgia Doles's D.H. Hill's 29 121 11 161
4th Virginia Paxton's Trimble's 14 149 3 166
51st Georgia Semmes's McLaws's 30 119 26 175
Cobb's Legion Wofford's McLaws's 22 135 -- 157
33d North Carolina Lane's A.P. Hill's 32 101 66 199
23d North Carolina Iverson's D.H. Hill's 32 113 35 180
6th Alabama Rodes's D.H. Hill's 24 125 14 163
13th Alabama Archer's A.P. Hill's 13 127 8 148
3d Alabama Rodes's D.H. Hill's 17 121 16 154
16th Georgia Wofford's McLaws's 18 115 -- 133
42d Virginia J.R. Jones's Trimble's 15 120 -- 135
1st North Carolina Colston's Trimble's 34 83 27 144
18th North Carolina Lane's A.P. Hill's 30 96 -- 126
34th North Carolina Pender's A.P. Hill's 18 110 20 148
14th North Carolina Ramseur's D.H. Hill's 15 116 -- 131
10th Virginia Colston's Trimble's 23 101 25 149
10th Georgia Semmes's McLaws's 23 105 -- 128
30th North Carolina Ramseur's D.H. Hill's 25 98 1 124
53d Georgia Semmes's McLaws's 15 105 -- 120
=======================================================
Here with Fox, you can see the battle where Gen. D.H. Hill and other forces fought together and can look at the numbers--fairly even across the board as far as numbers.
===========================================================
FOX'S REGIMENTAL LOSSES
CHAPTER XV.
BRIGADE LOSSES.
Brigade. Battle. Division. Present. Killed. Wounded. Missing %
Garnett's (Va.) Gettysburg Pickett's 1,427 78 324 539 65.9
Perry's (Fla.) Gettysburg Anderson's 700 33 2 17 205 65.0
Wofford's (Texas) Antietam Hood's 854 69 417 62 64.1
Anderson's (S.C.) (+)Seven Days Longstreet's 1,250 136 638 13 62.9
Pryor's (+)Seven Days Longstreet's 1,400 170 681 11 61.5
Wilcox's (Ala.) (+)Seven Days Longstreet's 1,850 229 806 20 57.0
Benning's (Ga.) Chickamauga Hood's 900 88 412 10 56.6
Bate's Chickamauga Stewart's 1,187 66 541 -- 51.1
Ramseur's (N. C.) Chancellorsville D. H. Hill's 1,509 154 526 108 52.2
Featherston's (Miss.) (+)Seven Days Longstreet's 1,350 115 542 9 49.3
Lane's (N. C.) Gettysburg Pender's 1,355 41 348 271 48.7
Donelson's (Tenn.) Stone's River Cheatham's 1,529 108 575 17 45.7
Gregg's Chickamauga B.R. Johnson's 1,352 109 474 18 44.4
Clayton's (Ala.) Chickamauga Stewart's 1,446 86 535 13 44.4
Semmes's Antietam McLaws's 709 53 255 6 44.2
Daniels's (N. C.) Gettysburg Rodes's 2,100 165 635 116 43.6
Rodes's (Ala.) Malvern Hill D.H. Hill's 1,027 81 344 -- 41.3
These terrible losses were not confined to regiments and brigades; in some divisions the men were cut down equally fast throughout the entire ranks of the command. During the Seven Days' Battle, Longstreet's Division lost in the actions at Gaines's Mill and Glendale 766 killed, 3,435 wounded and 237 missing; total, 4,438,--out of 8,831 engaged, or, 50.2 per cent.
Nor was this an uncommon loss. The official reports of Confederate Division-Generals, though lacking the figures necessary for a statement of an exact percentage, often indicate plainly a division-loss in killed and wounded of over forty per cent.
Through four years of desperate war and its score of battles these excessive percentages divided and subdivided the ranks, until the end came and with it a division which was merely a thing of shreds and patches.
But, in May, 1863, General Lee issued an order which has an important bearing on the subject of regimental casualties in the Confederate Army:
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA.
GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 63.
MAY 14, 1863.
The practice which prevails in the Army of including in the list of casualties those cases of slight injuries which do not incapacitate the recipients for duty, is calculated to mislead our friends, and encourage our enemies, by giving false impressions as to the extent of our losses.
The loss sustained by a brigade or regiment is by no means an indication of the service performed or perils encountered, as experience shows that those who attack most rapidly, vigorously, and effectually generally suffer the least. It is, therefore, ordered that in future the reports of the wounded shall only include those whose injuries, in the opinion of the medical officers, render them unfit for duty. It has also been observed that the published reports of casualties are in some instances accompanied by a statement of the number of men taken into action. The commanding general deems it unnecessary to do more than direct the attention of officers to the impropriety of thus furnishing the enemy with the means of computing our strength, in order to insure the immediate suppression of this pernicious and useless custom.
By command of General Lee.
W.H. TAYLOR,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Now for a look at Gettysburg numbers...............................>

 

[M E Wolf]

FOX'S REGIMENTAL LOSSES
CHAPTER XV.
At Gettysburg, the 26th North Carolina, of Pettigrew's Brigade, Heth's Division, went into action with an' effective strength which is stated in the regimental official report as "over 800 men." They sustained a loss, according to Surgeon-General Guild's report, of 86 killed and 502 wounded; total, 588. In addition there were about 120 missing, nearly all of whom must have been wounded or killed; but, as they fell into the enemy's hands, they were not included in the hospital report.
[excerpt]
Regiment. Brigade. Division. K W M T
GETTYSBURG, PA.
July 1-3, 1863.
26th North Carolina Pettigrew's Heth's 86 502 120 708
42d Mississippi Davis's Heth's 60 205 -- 265
2d Mississippi Davis's Heth's 49 183 -- 232
11th North Carolina Pettigrew's Heth's 50 159 -- 209
45th North Carolina Daniel's Rodes's 46 173 -- 219
17th Mississippi Barksdale's McLaws's 40 160 -- 200
14th South Carolina Gregg's Pender's 26 220 6 252
11th Mississippi Davis's Heth's 32 170 -- 202
55th North Carolina Davis's Heth's 39 159 -- 198
11th Georgia G.T. Anderson's Hood's 32 162 -- 194
38th Virginia Armistead's Pickett's 23 147 -- 170
6th North Carolina Hoke's Early's 20 131 21 172
13th Mississippi Barksdale's McLaws's 28 137 -- 165
8th Alabama Wilcox's Anderson's 22 139 -- 161
47th North Carolina Pettigrew's Heth's 21 140 -- 161
3d North Carolina Stewart's Johnson's 29 127 -- 156
2d N. C. Battalion Daniel's Rodes's 99 124 -- 153
2d South Carolina Kershaw's McLaws's 27 125 2 154
52d North Carolina Pettigrew's Heth's 33 114 -- 147
5th North Carolina Iverson's Rodes's 31 112 -- 143
32d North Carolina Daniel's Rodes's 26 116 -- 142
43d North Carolina Daniel's Rodes's 21 126 -- 147
9th Georgia G.T. Anderson's Hood's 28 115 -- 143
1st Maryland Battalion- Stewart's Johnson's 25 119 -- 144
3d Arkansas Robertson's Hood's 26 116 -- 142
57th Virginia Armistead's Pickett's 35 105 4 144
23d North Carolina Iverson's Rodes's 41 93 -- 134
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FOX'S REGIMENTAL LOSSES
CHAPTER XV.
CONFEDERATE LOSSES--STRENGTH OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMIES--CASUALTIES IN CONFEDERATE REGIMENTS--LIST OF CONFEDERATE GENERALS KILLED--LOSSES IN THE CONFEDERATE NAVY.

THE eleven States of the Southern Confederacy had, in 1860, a military population of 1,064,193 with which to confront the 4,559,872 of the same class, belonging to the other States and Territories. This number was largely supplemented during each successive year of the war by those who attained their eighteenth year of age, at which time they became liable to military duty.(*)
The phrase "military population," as used in the Eighth Census, represented the white males between the ages of 18 and 45, and included all who were unfit for military duty on account of physical or mental infirmities. These exempts--which include, also, all cases of minor defects--constitute, in every country, one-fifth of the military population.(+) But the Confederate recruiting officers did not insist on any high standard of physical requirements. Their need was too pressing; and they accepted all recruits or conscripts except those whose disabilities manifestly incapacitated them for military service.
he Confederate States, however, could send to the war a far greater proportion of their military population than the Northern States, as they possessed a large agricultural population of blacks who were exempt from military service. The aggregate enrollment of the Confederate Armies during the whole war, according to their best authorities, numbered over 600,000 effective men; of whom not over 400,000 were enrolled at any time.(++) These eleven States furnished, also, 86,009 men to the Union Armies, receiving in return over 19,000 men from the Border.
Many will hold, and with good reasons, that 600,000 is too low an estimate for the total number that served in the Confederate Armies. Their military population and sweeping conscription acts indicate more. The number of regiments which served continuously during the war indicate more.
A compilation made from the official rosters of the Confederate Armies as they stood at various battles, and at various dates covering the entire period of the war, shows that the different States kept the following number of regimental organizations in almost continuous service in the field:
ALABAMA -- 55 regiments, and 11 battalions of infantry; 5 regiments of cavalry; 3 regiments of partisan rangers; and 16 batteries of light artillery.
ARKANSAS--35 regiments, and 12 battalions of infantry; 6 regiments, and 2 battalions of cavalry; and 15 batteries of light artillery.
FLORIDA--10 regiments, and 2 battalions of infantry; 2 regiments, and 1 battalion of cavalry; and 6 batteries of light artillery.
GEORGIA--68 regiments, and 17 battalions of infantry; 11 regiments, and 2 battalions of cavalry; 1 regiment, and 1 battalion of partisan rangers; 2 battalions of heavy artillery; and 28 batteries of light artillery.
LOUISIANA--34 regiments, and 10 battalions of infantry; 2 regiments, and 1 battalion of cavalry; 1 regiment of partisan rangers; 2 regiments of heavy artillery; and 26 batteries of light artillery.
MISSISSIPPI-- 49 regiments, and 6 battalions of infantry; 7 regiments, and 4 battalions of cavalry; 2 regiments of partisan rangers; and 20 batteries of light artillery.
NORTH CAROLINA-- 69 regiments, and 4 battalions of infantry; 1 regiment, and 5 battalions of cavalry; 2 battalions of heavy artillery; and 9 batteries of light artillery.
SOUTH CAROLINA -- 33 regiments, and 2 battalions of infantry; 7 regiments and 1 battalion of cavalry; 1 regiment, and 1 battalion of heavy artillery; and 28 batteries of light artillery.
TENNESSEE--61 regiments, and 2 battalions of infantry; 21 regiments, and 11 battalions of cavalry; 1 regiment, and 1 battalion of heavy artillery; and 32 batteries of light artillery.
TEXAS--22 regiments, and 5 battalions of infantry; 28 regiments, and 4 battalions of cavalry;(*) and 16 batteries of light artillery.
VIRGINIA -- 65 regiments, and 10 battalions of infantry; 22 regiments, and 11 battalions of cavalry; 1 regiment of partisan rangers; 1 regiment of artillery; and 53(+) batteries of light artillery.
BORDER STATES-- 21 regiments, and 4 battalions of infantry; 9 regiments, and 5 battalions of cavalry; and 11 batteries of light artillery.
C. S. REGULARS-- 7 regiments of infantry; 6 regiments of cavalry; and one battery of light artillery.
AGGREGATE--529 regiments, and 85 battalions of infantry; 127 regiments and 47 battalions of cavalry; 8 regiments and 1 battalion of partisan rangers 5 regiments and 6 battalions of heavy artillery; and 261 batteries of light artillery. In all, equivalent to 764: regiments of 10 companies each.
[excerpt]
The question arises, next, as to the average enrollment of the Confederate regiments. That known, the strength of their armies could be soon computed. The rolls of the North Carolina regiments have been printed and,--with the eight regiments of Junior and Senior Reserves not included in the foregoing list,-- show a total enrollment of 125,000 men. These rolls, incomplete as they necessarily are, show that twenty-two of the North Carolina regiments numbered over 1,500 men, each; and some of them over 1,800. The Confederacy organized but few new regiments after 1862; the recruits and conscripts were assigned to the old regiments to keep them up to an effective strength.
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[M E Wolf]

FOX'S REGIMENTAL LOSSES
CHAPTER XV.
The total loss of the Confederate Armies in killed and mortally wounded will never be definitely known, and can be stated only in round numbers. A summing up of the casualties at each battle and minor engagement--using official reports only, and in their absence accepting Confederate estimates- indicates that 94, 000 men were killed or mortally wounded on the Confederate side during the war.
In the report for 1865-6, made by General James B. Fry, United States Provost Marshal-General, there is a tabulation of Confederate losses as compiled from the muster-rolls on file in the Bureau of Confederate Archives. The returns are incomplete, and nearly all the Alabama rolls are missing. Still the figures are worth noting, as they show that at least 74,524 were killed or died of wounds; and, that 59,297 died of disease. From Gen. Fry's tabulation the following abstract is made:
DEATHS IN CONFEDERATE ARMIES.
Killed. Died of Wounds.
STATE. Officers. En. Men. Total. Officers. En. Men. Total.
Virginia 266 5,062 5,328 200 2,319 2,519
North Carolina 677 13,845 14,522 330 4,821 5,151
South Carolina 360 8,827 9,187 257 3,478 3,735
Georgia 172 5,381 5,553 140 1,579 1,719
Florida 47 746 793 16 490 506
Alabama 14 538 552 9 181 190
Mississippi 122 5,685 5,807 75 2,576 2,651
Louisiana 70 2,548 2,618 42 826 868
Texas 28 1,320 1,348 13 1,228 1,241
Arkansas 104 2,061 2,165 27 888 915
Tennessee 99 2,016 2,1 15 49 825 874
Regular C. S. Army 35 972 1,007 27 441 468
Border States 92 1,867 1,959 61 672 733
Totals 2,086 50,868 52,954 1,246 20,324 21,570

Died of Disease.
Officers. En. Men. Total.
Virginia 168 6,779 6,947
North Carolina 541 20,061 20,602
South Carolina 79 4,681 4,760
Georgia 107 3,595 3,702
Florida 17 1,030 1,047
Alabama 8 716 724
Mississippi 103 6,704 6,807
Louisiana 32 3,027 3,059
Texas 10 1}250 1,260
Arkansas 74 3,708 3,782
Tennessee 72 3,353 3,425
Regular C. S. Army 25 1,105 1,040
Border States 58 2,084 2,142
Totals 1,294 58,003 59,297

f the Confederate rolls could have been completed, and then revised,--as has been done with the rolls of the Union regiments,--the number of killed as shown above (74,524) would be largely increased. As it is, the extent of such increase must remain a matter of conjecture. The Union rolls were examined at the same time, and a similar tabulation of the number killed appears, also, in General Fry's report. But this latter number was increased 15,000 by a subsequent revision based upon the papers known as "final statements," and upon newly-acquired information received through affidavits filed at the Pension Bureau.
To understand the full meaning of these figures one must keep in mind the sparse population of these States. Their military population in 1861 was:

Alabama 99,967 Louisiana 83,456 Tennessee 159,353
Arkansas 65,231 Mississippi 70,295 Texas 92,145
Florida 15,739 North Carolina 115,369 Virginia 196,587
Georgia 111,005 South Carolina 55,046 Total(*) 1,064,193
Of this number, Tennessee furnished 31,092 to the Union Armies; and the western counties of Virginia--afterwards set apart as West Virginia--furnished 31,872 men.
From the preceding figures it appears that South Carolina lost in killed over 23 per cent. of her entire military population; and that North Carolina lost over 17 per cent. Add to this the loss by disease, and the maimed or crippled for life, and the result becomes extraordinary in its heroic aspect.
The Confederate Armies lost, in the aggregate, nearly 10 per cent. in killed or mortally wounded. The average loss in the Union Armies was 5 per cent.(*) But in the latter there were over 300 regiments which were not in action, with as many more which were under fire but a few times. A large part of the Union Armies was used in protecting communications, guarding lines of supplies, in garrison duty, and as armies of occupation. The Confederate regiments were all at the front, and, although repeatedly filled up with recruits, were held there until many of them were worn out by the constant attrition.
For these reasons it is evident that although the Confederate Armies were much smaller, their losses were not necessarily smaller in proportion. Their generals displayed a wonderful ability in always confronting the enemy with an equal force at the point of contact. What mattered Hooker's extra thousands at Chancellorsville? In two corps not a shot was fired. What if Meade did have 20,000 more men at Gettysburg than Lee? The Sixth Corps lay in reserve. But in these battles, as in others, every Confederate regiment was put in and not relieved until they had lost killed and wounded men by the score.
The aggregate of killed and mortally wounded in the Confederate Armies during the war was 16,000 less than in the Union Armies; or, adding the usual proportion of wounded, a difference of about 60,000, killed and wounded, in favor of the Confederates. Up to 1864 the aggregate of losses on each side was substantially the same. There was a small percentage in favor of the Confederates up to that time; but, if their casualty lists could be subjected to the same revision as that recently applied to the nominal casualty lists of the Union Armies, it is probable that their official returns as thus corrected would show an increase which would largely offset the difference prior to 1864. The excess of 16,000 killed, in the Union aggregate --or, its equivalent of 60,000 in killed and wounded--occurred almost wholly in the campaigns of 1864-5.
The severity of the losses among the Confederates, and the heroic persistency with which they would stand before the enemy's musketry, becomes apparent in studying the official returns of various regiments.
At Gettysburg, the 26th North Carolina, of Pettigrew's Brigade, Heth's Division, went into action with an' effective strength which is stated in the regimental official report as "over 800 men." They sustained a loss, according to Surgeon-General Guild's report, of 86 killed and 502 wounded; total, 588. In addition there were about 120 missing, nearly all of whom must have been wounded or killed; but, as they fell into the enemy's hands, they were not included in the hospital report. This loss occurred mostly in the first day's fight, where the regiment encountered the 151st Pennsylvania(+) and Cooper's Battery, of Rowley's Brigade, Doubleday's Division. The Quartermaster of the 26th, who made the official report on July 4th, states that there were only 216 left for duty after the fight on the 1st inst. The regiment then participated in Pickett's charge, on the third day of the battle, in which it attacked the position held by Smyth's Brigade, Hays's Division, Second Corps. On the following day it mustered only 80 men for duty, the missing ones having fallen in the final and unsuccessful charge. In the battle of the first day, Captain Tuttle's company went into action with 3 officers and 84 men; all of the officers and 83 of the men were killed or wounded. On the same day, and in the same brigade (Pettigrew's), Company C, of the Eleventh North Carolina, lost 2 officers killed, and 34, out of 38, men killed or wounded; Captain Bird, of this company, with the four remaining men, participated in
he charge on the 3d of July, and of these the flag-bearer was shot, and the captain brought out the flag himself.(*) This loss of the 26th North Carolina, at Gettysburg, was the severest regimental loss during the war.

(I think Fox has done our work for us ...........)
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M. E. Wolf