t the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Longstreet resigned his commission and entered Confederate service as a brigadier general. During the war he rose to the rank of lieutenant general and won consistent praise while serving under Lee, with whom he developed a lifelong friendship. Longstreet fought in all of Lee's major battles of 1862 and 1863 except
Chancellorsville (1863), when he led two divisions on a foraging expedition to the south that included a brief siege of Suffolk, Virginia. He opposed Lee's plans at Gettysburg in July 1863, but risked his life recklessly in their execution. Following Lee's defeat, Longstreet led reinforcements to the Western Theater and contributed to the Confederate victory at Chickamauga (1863). He performed poorly, however, as subordinate to Confederate general Braxton Bragg during the Chattanooga Campaign (1863), and as an independent commander he failed to capture Knoxville, Tennessee, during the subsequent fall and winter. Recalled to Virginia in the spring of 1864, Longstreet was wounded by friendly fire at the
Battle of the Wilderness within only a few miles of the spot where
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson had been similarly wounded the year before. Jackson soon died, whereas Longstreet returned to service in October, participating in the
Petersburg Campaign and the
endgame at Appomattox in April 1865.