Sorry, I missed the measurements in your original post.
There are three primary possibilities, Pattern 1842, Pattern 1839/1845 Extra Service, and Pattern 1851. All are very close to 7/8 diameter on the socket, with 1851 being the smallest slightly.
The Pattern 1842 socket diameter and blade length are approximately correct, but the socket length is a full 3" or perhaps slightly longer.
The Pattern 1839/1845 Extra Service has a 17" blade, slightly more than 7/8 diameter and exactly 3" socket length. It is about 1/16 shorter than the other two.
The Pattern 1851 can probably be eliminated as the diameter is slightly less than 7/8. The blade is 16 7/8.
So, nothing here fits exactly with your measurements. Attaching photos of the three types, in the above order.
The markings would probably help considerably. Needless to say, it is NOT 18th Century.