Ordnance Papers

AN EMPIRICAL SYSTEM FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SMOOTH BORE, CAST IRON CANNON
STEVEN DOUGLAS HOYT
Texas A&M University
MASTER OF ARTS
May, 1986
Anthropology

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to overcome problems inherent in the current subjective method of identifying unmarked cannons, a systematic approach to cannon studies is developed based on objective, quantifiable cannon characteristics. The system is designed to facilitate data gathering, storage and manipulation through computerization of the collected data. Using the computer programs provided. large amounts of data can be correlated and analyzed. Specific physical characteristics of cannons are described and instructions are given on how to record those characteristics. Most details either are recorded as direct measurements or calculated from direct measurements. By standardizing recording techniques and nomenclature, data collected by various researchers can be analyzed. This objective, quantified system forms the foundation for a long-term study of cannons with the ultimate goal of establishing an identification key for field researchers.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

West Point Foundry
Neil Bhatiya
Hudson River Valley Institute

Robert Parrott met Gouverneur Kemble in Washington, D.C. in 1836. Kimble, a Congressman at the time, hired Parrott to run the foundry. He could not have chosen a more fitting candidate to oversee the foundry's course for the next forty years. An artillery officer after graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point, Parrott spent the majority of his time in Cold Spring developing artillery for the United States military. In 1857, Gouverneur Kemble resigned from the West Point Foundry Association, leaving Parrott in charge. Though the foundry continued production of various consumer and industrial goods, it never strayed from its original purpose as a manufacturer of weapons.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Articles to go with the above post...

Journal Article
The West Point Foundry
Chas. E. Fisher
The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
No. 52 (May, 1940), pp. 36-40
Railway & Locomotive Historical Society (R&LHS)

1727798944704.png



Journal Article
The West Point Foundry in Larger Perspective
Steven A. Walton
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 9-13
Society for Industrial Archeology

1727799112620.png


Journal Article
From Forest and Mine to Foundry and Cannons: An Archaeological Study of the Blast Furnace at the West Point Foundry
T. Arron Kotlensky
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 49-72
Society for Industrial Archeology

1727799499793.png



Journal Article
THE WEST POINT FOUNDRY
GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE
Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, Vol. 15 (1916), pp. 190-203
Cornell University Press

1727799792309.png



Journal Article
Founding a Foundry: The Diary of the Setting-Out of the West Point Foundry, 1817
Steven A. Walton
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 25-38
Society for Industrial Archeology
1727800035989.png


Journal Article
The Gun Foundry Recast
Dan Trepal
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 73-90
Society for Industrial Archeology

1727800283060.png



Full articles at above links on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
USS ALASKA said:
Articles to go with the above post...

Journal Article
The West Point Foundry
Chas. E. Fisher
The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin
No. 52 (May, 1940), pp. 36-40
Railway & Locomotive Historical Society (R&LHS)

View attachment 523371


Journal Article
The West Point Foundry in Larger Perspective
Steven A. Walton
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 9-13
Society for Industrial Archeology

View attachment 523372

Journal Article
From Forest and Mine to Foundry and Cannons: An Archaeological Study of the Blast Furnace at the West Point Foundry
T. Arron Kotlensky
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 49-72
Society for Industrial Archeology

View attachment 523373


Journal Article
THE WEST POINT FOUNDRY
GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE
Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, Vol. 15 (1916), pp. 190-203
Cornell University Press

View attachment 523374


Journal Article
Founding a Foundry: The Diary of the Setting-Out of the West Point Foundry, 1817
Steven A. Walton
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 25-38
Society for Industrial Archeology
View attachment 523376

Journal Article
The Gun Foundry Recast
Dan Trepal
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, WEST POINT FOUNDRY (2009), pp. 73-90
Society for Industrial Archeology

View attachment 523377


Full articles at above links on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
Click to expand...
Excellent material that relates to one of my areas of "obsession". Thanks.
 
Journal Article
Daniel Treadwell—Inventor: A Pioneer in the Principle of Built-up Gun Construction
Herbert T. Wade
Army Ordnance
Vol. 19, No. 111 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1938), pp. 159-163
National Defense Industrial Association

1728241035833.png



Full article at above link on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
A Treatise On Ordnance And Armor
Alexander Lyman Holley
1865

A Treatise On Ordnance And Armor is a comprehensive book written by Alexander Lyman Holley. The book delves into the technical aspects of ordnance and armor, covering topics such as the design, construction, and testing of guns, projectiles, and armor plates. The author includes a historical overview of the development of ordnance and armor, from the earliest days of gunpowder to the modern era. The book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the science and technology of weapons and armor, and it remains a valuable reference for military historians and engineers.


File too large to attach, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Cannons in the Hudson River Valley: Providing Thunder for the American Military From the Civil War On
Joseph H. De Lisle Jr.
December 2007
Hudson River Valley Institute

Artillery of some sort has been a staple of warfare since the Chinese first developed gun powder. Since then, artillery has been used to clear paths for soldiers and tanks, to pummel a fortified position, and to inspire fear. There may be no better example of the use of artillery than that of World War I and World War II. Whether being used to allow one side to advance from trench to trench, or being used to destroy opposition tanks blocking the way, artillery has become a vital tool in both, limited and unlimited warfare. However, today's high tech, advanced artillery all comes from the same modest beginning. The cannon is what would eventually give birth to modern artillery such as howitzers, motors, and the like. In America, certain iron producers in the Hudson River Valley became large suppliers of cannons. The West Point Foundry, which manufactured the Parrott Gun, and the Watervliet Arsenal are two of the most important cannon producers in American history located within the Hudson River Valley


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

USS ALASKA said:
Cannons in the Hudson River Valley: Providing Thunder for the American Military From the Civil War On
Joseph H. De Lisle Jr.
December 2007
Hudson River Valley Institute

Artillery of some sort has been a staple of warfare since the Chinese first developed gun powder. Since then, artillery has been used to clear paths for soldiers and tanks, to pummel a fortified position, and to inspire fear. There may be no better example of the use of artillery than that of World War I and World War II. Whether being used to allow one side to advance from trench to trench, or being used to destroy opposition tanks blocking the way, artillery has become a vital tool in both, limited and unlimited warfare. However, today's high tech, advanced artillery all comes from the same modest beginning. The cannon is what would eventually give birth to modern artillery such as howitzers, motors, and the like. In America, certain iron producers in the Hudson River Valley became large suppliers of cannons. The West Point Foundry, which manufactured the Parrott Gun, and the Watervliet Arsenal are two of the most important cannon producers in American history located within the Hudson River Valley


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
Click to expand...
One interesting aside IIRC is that an investigation concluded in 1864 that Watervliet was screwing up the final assembly of Bormann fuzes. That appears to have been responsible for premature detonations reported, for example, by a couple of batteries at Fredrericksburg in December 1862.
 
A paper to go with post #25...

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOOPED CANNON; BEING A SEQUEL TO A MEMOIR ON THE PRACTICABILITY OF CONSTRUCTING CANNON OF GREAT CALIBER, ETC.
MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY, IN THE YEAR 1856.
DANIEL TREADWELL,
LATE RUMFORD PROFESSOR IN HARVARD COLLEGE.
FROM THE Memoirs OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 1864
BOSTON: LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.
1 8 6 4.

It is my purpose, therefore, in this paper, to investigate several important properties and laws which are inherent in the materials of which the gun described in my former memoir is constructed; and from this investigation I shall endeavor to draw such instruction as will enable us, if not to perfect, at least to understand and improve, the theory of construction. The investigation will be founded almost entirely upon certain peculiarities in the nature, character, and properties of the materials (wrought-iron, cast-iron, and steel) of which the guns, constructed upon the principle heretofore published by me, are formed.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 60:29-37
The Dickson, Nelson Company: Alabama Civil War Gunmakers
Douglas E. Jones

Alabama's first war-time contract was with three men of financial means, political clout and deep loyalty to the Southern Cause. Residents of northwest Alabama, prominent planter William Dickson (1798-1880), attorney and state legislator Owen 0. Nelson (1823-1892) and physician Lewis H. Sadler (1818-1881) answered the call to arms by investing their financial resources and physical energy in an enterprise whose work force and machinery moved ahead of Union armies from Alabama to three different localities in Georgia before the war was over. Although plagued by the press of Union armies, fire, bankruptcy and the lack of materials and skilled labor, these men struggled to honor their obligation to the state which was the seat of the first Confederate government.


Unsure of copyright, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
The University of Georgia
MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION
ATHENS, GEORGIA
2017
© 2017 Chase Dixon Klugh All Rights Reserved

FROM BLACK POWDER TO THE IVORY TOWER: PATTERNS OF ADAPTIVE REUSE AND PRESERVATION OF CONFEDERATE ARMORIES AND ARSENALS ON THREE GEORGIA UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES.
CHASE DIXON KLUGH

ABSTRACT
Currently, three Confederate armories and arsenals are located on Georgia university property. How and why these extant structures remain comprise the major research question of this work. Research rooted in themes and patterns of post-Civil War adaptive reuse and preservation revealed the answers. The discussed adaptive reuse patterns bring contemporary information to Civil War literature. Additionally, conclusions drawn from this thesis initiate a discussion centered on the origins of the preservation movement and the role that postwar adaptive reuse plays in this narrative.


Because of copyright, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
A paper to go with post #1.

U. S. NAVAL SCHOOL, EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL
A FIELD GUIDE FOR CIVIL WAR EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE
JOHN D. BARTLESON JR.
MNCS USN
U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE STATION
Indian Head, Maryland

During the period of the American Civil War, 1861 to 1865, an estimated 10,000,000 projectiles of all shapes, sizes, and types were fired by the Union and Confederate armies. This can be an alarming figure if one considers the high "dud" rate brought about by imperfections in fuzing. Fortunately, from the Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) standpoint, the bulk of these unexploded projectiles remain at the major engagement sites such as Gettysburg, Petersburg, Antietam, and the like, and go unmolested by the unwary. However, the National and State Parks control only a small area at each of the battlefield locations found throughout the Eastern United States. Moreover, some of the fringe areas of battle and even some of the bloody areas of conflict and skirmishes are today scenes of rolling countryside populated by farms, modern housing developments, and construction sites. Also countless numbers of these potential hazards were placed in hidden caches intended for later use and then forgotten. Unrecorded amounts were abandoned and lost during the heat of battle or forced retreat. Today, some one hundred and eleven years later, these remnants of artillery's history provide an additional responsibility for the EOD team. Annually during the spring planting, these relics are surfaced by the plow. Many of them find a place of esteem by their owners and are used as driveway markers, mantlepiece conversation items, and door stops. Literally tons of these explosive projectiles containing dangerous black powder have been amassed by private collectors who evidently disregard or are unconcerned about their ever present explosive hobby. Interstate transportation of these much sought after souvenirs provides explanation for finding a shell at a great distance to the geographical region of the war. Quite frequently civilians turn in their projectile recoveries to law enforcement agencies and local EOD teams for disposal or inerting. National and State park departments and museum curators will usually request a return of the munitions after the inerting process. Because of the continuing need for guidance in safe and proper inerting of explosive Civil War ordnance, the printing of this manual is considered appropriate. Information on how to breach the casings and remove the active filler is intended for the exclusive use of qualified EOD personnel of the United States Military services. The United States government, its agents, and the author disclaim any responsibility for the safety of others who attempt hazardous work on explosive ordnance using this document as a guide. The intent of this manual is to provide the EOD Technician with an identification guide for field use. Further, it will serve as a basic reference text for Civil War ordnance data, standard terminology, projectile design, and fuze operation. It is the only known publication of its kind that displays radiographs showing interior construction of projectiles for the effective removal of the main filler. No attempt has been made to provide coverage on all of the varied projectiles that were produced and used during the war years. Only the more common types that have been recovered, or types that could be expected to turn up will be presented in this manual.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Vermont Historical Society
Vermont History Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2011): 141–161.
© 2011 by the Vermont Historical Society

Guns for Billy Yank: The Armory in Windsor Meets the Challenge of Civil War
CARRIE BROWN

During the Civil War, the Union army fielded more than two million men, armed with a million and a half Springfield rifles plus thousands of carbines and pistols. Documents that have recently come to light at the American Precision Museum help tell the story of how the majority of those weapons were made using machinery designed and manufactured in Windsor, Vermont.


Because of copyright, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
The U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry
Historic Resource Study
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
Archeology Program
Andrew S. Lee
2006

The U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry has long been recognized as an historic site of the utmost national significance. Perhaps the armory's most direct claim to fame is as the setting for a seminal event in American history – John Brown's raid. It was primarily the lure of weapons stored at the armory and arsenal that led the militant abolitionist and his band of raiders to strike a blow against slavery in October of 1859. After seizing the weapons Brown intended to establish a republic of liberated slaves in the foothills of Appalachia. Many argue that the reaction to John Brown's raid set the already polarized nation on an unavoidable collision course to Civil War. The history of the U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry, however, is much more than the story of John Brown. It also has a nationally significant industrial history. New ideas about the interchangeability of manufactured parts were tried and tested in the armory's busy workshops. The successful introduction of large scale manufacturing transformed Harpers Ferry from a quiet, rural village to one of the leading industrial centers of its day. In turn, the spread and adoption of these ideas and methods eventually led to the rise of the United States as a major industrial power. As a result of these multiple layers of historical significance, there has been much written about the armory. Fortunately, during the late 1950s and late 1970s, Charles Snell and a team of other NPS historians gathered thousands and thousands of primary source documents – mostly from the National Archives – relating to the site's history. They compiled the information and produced reports on several different aspects of the site including building chronologies, the armory dam and canal, and the disposal of government property. Thanks to these dedicated historians, the details of the armory's history are more readily available. This report attempts to bring together some of that available information and place it into a more reader-friendly, narrative form. It attempts to summarize the broad themes that encompass the armory's history while leaving out the minutiae that can overwhelm a reader seeking a general introduction to the material. Part One of this report covers the early history of the armory, from its inception in the late 18th century up through the War of 1812. Attention is given to the roles of such historical figures as George Washington and Meriwether Lewis. Part Two is a discussion of the industrial transformation of the armory. Some of the factors that led to a shift from a craft-based manufacturing system to a full-fledged industrial system are considered, as are some of the administrative reforms introduced in the 1840s. Part Two concludes with an examination of the devastating effects of John Brown's raid and the Civil War on the armory. Part Three focuses on the destruction and abandonment of the armory property in the post-Civil War period. Topics covered include the re-use of armory materials and the site's 20th-century railroad history. The report concludes with a section on the acquisition of the armory grounds by the National Park Service. The acquisition of this historically significant site will better enable the NPS to fulfill its mission of preserving and interpreting our nation's cultural heritage.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Journal Article
Anvil of Ceres: The Confederate Foundry at Waller Creek
Bob Cavendish
The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 4 (Apr., 2004), pp. 558-570
Texas State Historical Association

1742756442084.png



Full article at above link on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

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USS ALASKA
 
Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 15:10-15
THE MANUFACTURE OF CONFEDERATE ORDNANCE IN GEORGIA
By Beverly M. DuBose III

The American Civil War. Like all wars, was a test of men and the will of men to determine whose will would dominate. The Civil War provided yet another test - that of logistics, which has become of the utmost importance as the strategy of the war has advanced. Logistics is the capacity of any warring nation to provide the necessities of life and the tools of war to her fighting men. It was in meeting this test that the Confederacy received one of her lowest marks. It was not a lack of effort that caused the greatest problem, but, rather, the poor industrial system which resulted from a lack of trained men, machinery and production capacity. This forced the South to build her war effort upon a weak foundation. Despite these many obstacles, the Confederacy did a remarkable job in maintaining her fighting forces in the field until the forces themselves were no more. A study of this portion of the overall Confederate effort and, more particularly, the role of Georgia has been made very difficult by the lack of records, especially ordnance reports and the sketchy information in those that survived.


Please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
ARTILLERIST'S MANUAL,
COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, AND ADAPTED TO THE SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES.
ILLUSTRATED BY ENGRAVINGS.
BRIG.-GEN. JOHN GIBBON, U. S. VOLS.,
CAPTAIN FOURTH ARTILLERY, U. S. ARMY.
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.

PREFACE.
This work, originally designed as a book of instruction for the cadets of the Military Academy, has, since my separation from the department of artillery, been extended beyond the limits at first proposed, with a view of spreading information not popularly accessible, upon a subject of the first importance to our national defence. It is submitted to my brother officers, trusting that many allowances will be made for its defects, and that some one more capable of doing justice to the subject will be induced to offer to the service, and to our militia -- on whom, in the event of war, the principal defence of our large fortifications must devolve -- a more complete system of instruction than I have been able to furnish. Where translations have been made, it has been my endeavor to select such portions as are or may be applicable to our own service, leaving out those peculiar to the foreign.
J. G.
WEST POINT N. Y., August 14, 1859.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
THE first edition of this work having been entirely exhausted, and a second having been called for, I have endeavored to make such alterations and improvements in the work as seemed to be necessary, and the exigencies of active service would allow. The chapter on Rifled Ordnance is partly taken from Captain Benton's Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery.
April, 1863.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

To go with posts #25 & 29...Patent fight...

Case No. 14,158.
TREADWELL V. PARROTT.
Circuit Court, S. D. New York.
Dec 7, 1866.

PATENTS—STATE OF ART—INVENTION—NOVELTY.
1. The invention described and claimed in letters patent granted to Daniel Treadwell, December 11th, 1835, and reissued February 4th, 1862, for an "improvement in the manufacture of cannon," explained.

2. The prior application to a wrought iron gun, or to a barrel composed of a combination of wrought and cast iron, of wrought iron hoops, in a given way, to strengthen the barrel, will not defeat a subsequent patent for the application of such hoops, in the same way, to a cast iron gun.

3. An intelligent mechanic is chargeable with a knowledge of the state of the art in relation to a subject on which he is called to exercise his skill.

4. What is the business of a mechanic, as distinguished from that of an inventor, defined.

5. The said patent to Treadwell is void for want of novelty.

Full article here - https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0024.f.cas/0024.f.cas.0154.pdf

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

USS ALASKA said:
To go with posts #25 & 29...Patent fight...

Case No. 14,158.
TREADWELL V. PARROTT.
Circuit Court, S. D. New York.
Dec 7, 1866.

PATENTS—STATE OF ART—INVENTION—NOVELTY.
1. The invention described and claimed in letters patent granted to Daniel Treadwell, December 11th, 1835, and reissued February 4th, 1862, for an "improvement in the manufacture of cannon," explained.

2. The prior application to a wrought iron gun, or to a barrel composed of a combination of wrought and cast iron, of wrought iron hoops, in a given way, to strengthen the barrel, will not defeat a subsequent patent for the application of such hoops, in the same way, to a cast iron gun.

3. An intelligent mechanic is chargeable with a knowledge of the state of the art in relation to a subject on which he is called to exercise his skill.

4. What is the business of a mechanic, as distinguished from that of an inventor, defined.

5. The said patent to Treadwell is void for want of novelty.

Full article here - https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0024.f.cas/0024.f.cas.0154.pdf

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
Click to expand...
Excellent. So Parrott beats an infringement claim not by showing that his patent isn't infringing Treadwell but by showing that Treadwell's patent doesn't cover the claims in the Frith patent (which seems to leave the question of Parrott's later patent in light of Frith's).
 
ARTILLERY THROUGH THE AGES
A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America
ALBERT MANUCY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington D. C.
National Park Service Interpretive Series

THE CIVIL WAR
At the opening of this conflict most of the materiel for both armies was of the same type—smoothbore. The various guns included weapons in the great masonry fortifications built on the long United States coast line beginning in the 1790's—weapons such as the Columbiad, a heavy, long-chambered American muzzle-loader of iron, developed from its bronze forerunner of 1810. The Columbiad (fig. 14d) was made in 8-, 10-, and 12-inch calibers and could throw shot and shell well over 5,000 yards. "New" Columbiads came out of the foundries at the start of the 1860's, minus the powder chamber and with smoother lines. Behind the parapets or in fort gunrooms were 32- and 42-pounder iron seacoast guns (fig. 10); 24-pounder bronze howitzers lay in the bastions to flank the long reaches of the fort walls. There were 8-inch seacoast howitzers for heavier work. The largest caliber piece was the ponderous 13-inch seacoast mortar.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

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