Medical papers

USS ALASKA

USS ALASKA

Major
Joined
Mar 16, 2016
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange
Doctoral Dissertations
Graduate School
12-2004

Inside the Confederate Hospital: Community and Conflict during the Civil War
Nancy Schurr

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected].

Abstract
In September 1862, manpower shortages forced Confederate officials to hire civilian employees in military hospitals. The Hospital Act revolutionized Confederate medical care because henceforth, each general hospital was a microcosm of southern society. Inside the Confederate hospital were men and women, whites and blacks, slaves and free people, elites and plainfolk, soldiers and civilians, and medical professionals and amateurs. Medical officers faced the herculean task of organizing the labor of these diverse groups of people in an invaded and blockaded country. Aided by elite white female matrons, officers endeavored to create the sense that hospital inhabitants, both patients and workers, were an extended family. The use of familial language and the fact that they faced a common foe served to strengthen the hospital community. This "family," however, failed to embrace slaves or free blacks despite the fact that African-Americans comprised the hospitals' largest class of laborers. Yet slaves established their own community beyond white purview and some, taking advantage of the changing nature of slavery, were able to exercise a modicum of control over their daily lives. Thus, the study of Confederate hospitals reveals both the ferocity of war and the balm of human compassion.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Southern Adventist University
KnowledgeExchange@Southern
Senior Theses
History and Political Studies Department
2016

The American Medical Association and the Civil War: Influences, Improvements, and Outcomes
Peter Houmann
Southern Adventist University

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History and Political Studies Department at KnowledgeExchange@Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of KnowledgeExchange@Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected].

ABSTRACT
1.jpg



Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Georgia State University
ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University
History Dissertations
Department of History
5-6-2019

Off the Bloodied Grounds: The Civil War and the Professionalization of American Medicine
Nicolas Georges Hoffmann
Georgia State University

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by Nicolas Hoffmann 2019

ABSTRACT
This dissertation uses the Civil War as a fulcrum to talk about the professionalization of American Medicine. Tracking doctors, nurses, hospitals, surgery, and other treatments, this dissertation describes their progression and professionalization over the nineteenth century. It argues that the Union and Confederacy deal with the Civil War in different ways, with the Confederacy pushing away from standardization and the Union embracing it.


Please use above link

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Collection; Master of Military Art and Science Theses
Title; Appropriate treatment of head injuries by surgeons during the Civil War.
Author; White, William G.

Abstract
Surgeons during the Civil War have been classified by soldiers from that time period as incompetent butchers. However, evidence of head injury cases from the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, The Wilderness, and Petersburg, evidence suggests that most surgeons were competent and followed the medical standards of practice of the 1860s. The civilian method of practicing medicine was similar to that of the military, although military surgeons found that procedures such as trephining met with more fatalities than their civilian counterparts. A possible reason for a high-mortality rate with military trephining may be due to the fact that the field environment in which the procedures were done was often dirty, and the head wounds became infected. Other contributing factors may be that surgeries were undertaken on a large numbers of patients using the same unclean instruments. The small sample size of severe head injuries indicates that the survival rate was approximately 35 percent of those who survived until they arrived at a major hospital. Infection appears to have been the most significant factor which indicated whether the patient would survive or die. Even so, the surgeons were not butchers and did the best they could given technology and medical knowledge at the time.

Series; Command and General Staff College (CGSC) MMAS thesis
Publisher; Fort Leavenworth, KS : U.S. Army Command and General Staff College,
Date, Original; 2004-06-17
Date, Digital; 2004-06-17
Call number; ADA 429953
Release statement; Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)
Repository; Combined Arms Research Library
Library; Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library
Date created; 2005-03-17

cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org

Master of Military Art and Science Theses

cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

University of South Dakota
USD RED
Honors Thesis
Theses, Dissertations, and Student Projects
Spring 3-2021

The Emergence of Neurology During the American Civil War: The Delafield Commission's Impact on Military Medicine
Michaela Ahrenholtz
University of South Dakota

This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Student Projects at USD RED. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Thesis by an authorized administrator of USD RED. For more information, please contact [email protected].

ABSTRACT
In 1855, three high ranking military officers organized as the Delafield Commission traveled across Europe during the Crimean War. They were tasked to consider, report, and upon their return, implement the advancements they observed from the militaries across the European continent. During their travels, the Delafield Commission evaluated changes in artillery, cavalry, and military medicine. Upon their return, the members of the Delafield Commission published their reports, and a year later the Civil War began. As the war continued, innovations from the Crimean War were implemented, including withing the Union Army Medical Department. Major medical reform was facilitated by Dr. William Hammond, the Surgeon General from 1862 to 1864, who was appointed to that position following a recommendation from George McClellan, a member of the Delafield Commission. As advancements from the Crimean War were implemented, the Army Medical Department began to make changes of its own, spearheading the medical revolution that occurred during the Civil War. One of the major products of that revolution was the emergence of neurology, a new specialization within American medicine, and Turner's Lane Hospital, the first neurological hospital in the United States. The Delafield Commission documents and their utilization by American physicians in the Civil War allowed for major medical reform to occur, which in turn accelerated the emergence of neurology within the United States.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Missouri State University
BearWorks
MSU Graduate Theses
Spring 2020

Battlefield of Bandages: A Case Study on Sanitation Policy, Medical Reform, and Disease Prevention During the War of Rebellion
Ashley L. Simpson
Missouri State University

This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright 2020 by Ashley L. Simpson

ABSTRACT
The American Civil War was a devastating conflict costing over 750,000 lives and millions of dollars in the aftermath. However, the most urgent threat was not musket balls, cannons or grapeshot. Afflictions such as typhoid fever, malaria, smallpox, measles, pneumonia, and diarrhea contracted from crowded, unsanitary camp and hospital conditions were responsible for two-thirds of all Civil War casualties. In April 1861, a group of Union women met at church to organize a relief agency whose goal was to aid the thousands of Union soldiers dying from disease. Armed with enlightenment ideas about medical care and sanitation, the Women's Central Association of Relief (later renamed the United States Sanitary Commission) was able to achieve government recognition, appoint a qualified Surgeon General who supported their philanthropic goals, and lobby for sanitation policy that succeeded in improving the mortality rate of those suffering from infection and disease. While the Union reformed an outdated Army Medical Bureau, the Confederacy built one. Under the direction of Surgeon General Moore and the Women's Relief Agency led by Felica Grundy Porter of Nashville, Tennessee, Confederate medical education and army medicine was regulated and reformed. Conclusively, the decrease in the number of fatalities from disease, especially typhoid, are confirmed by an original case study survey of over 10,000 fatalities in thirty-eight Civil War general hospitals across the divided United States. The dramatic reductions in soldier fatalities from disease during the years of collective medical reform, confirm that sanitation campaigns, vaccinations, and medical improvements, implemented by Surgeon Generals Hammond, Moore, and subsequent relief agencies, were highly successful despite the unique challenges posed by environmental factors such as geography and climate in varying communities.


Because of copywrite, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Collection: Master of Military Art and Science Theses
Title: Study of the medical support to the Union and Confederate Armies during the Battle of Chickamauga: lessons and implications for today's US Army medical department leaders.
Author: Rubenstein, David A.

Abstract
The Union's Campaign for Chattanooga, Tennessee, and its resulting Battle of Chickamauga, is a valuable study of marked contrasts. On the one hand, brilliant strategic planning and operational maneuver, in concert with skillful deception, allowed the Union's Army of the Cumberland to advance virtually unchallenged into the vital Southern city of Chattanooga on 9 September 1863. Following this drive into the gateway of Georgia and the Confederacy, however, was the Union defeat on the tactical battlefield just twelve miles to the southwest. Supporting each army was a medical support system grounded on the experiences and lessons of previous campaigns and battles. Both armies had medical leaders familiar with the medical organization, its recent accomplishments, and its capabilities. How these leaders applied the medical support doctrine of the era, within the scope of their duties, affected the lives of thousands of soldiers wounded on the Chickamauga battlefield. The objective of this study is to examine the medical structures of both combatants, describe medical actions during the Chickamauga Campaign, from August to October 1863, and evaluate the effectiveness of each. As a result of this analysis appropriate implications are offered to the leadership of the Health Service Support system in the United States Army of 1990. Among the various implications discussed are the need for Health Service Support planning, tactical competence, staff cooperation, unity of command, and understanding of unique casualty care issues. The intended beneficiary of this historical analysis, and its suggested requirement of complete command support and dedicated medical training, is the very essence of an army: the soldier.

Series: Command and General Staff College (CGSC) MMAS thesis
Publisher: Fort Leavenworth, KS : US Army Command and General Staff College,
Date, Original: 1990-06-01
Date, Digital: 2008
Award winner: Arter-Darby Military History Writing Award
Call number: ADA 227465
Release statement: Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)
Repository: Combined Arms Research Library
Library: Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library
Date created: 2008-02-20

cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org

Master of Military Art and Science Theses

cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Hospital medicine in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War: a study of Hospital No. 21, Howard's Grove and Winder hospitals
1992-05-05
Authors Ballou, Charles F.
Publisher Virginia Tech

Abstract
Neither the Union nor the Confederacy was prepared to care for the massive numbers of sick and wounded which occurred at the onset of the Civil War. While their surgeons benefited from the knowledge gained during the Crimean War regarding the cleanliness of military hospitals, the isolation of infection, and the use of the new general anesthetics, no facilities for their use existed in America. The Confederate Chief Surgeon, Samuel Preston Moore, had no entrenched medical bureaucracy to battle. By early 1862 he had formed a well-organized medical department and had many hospitals operational. His surgeons shared the problems of their northern colleagues: ignorance of the cause of infection, inadequate training, and untrained hospital personnel to care for the sick and wounded. What the South did not share with the North was a lack of resources which was intensified by a naval blockade. This narrative thesis uses records from three Richmond hospitals of 1862-1865 to reveal the problems faced by all hospital personnel, and to address the question of responsibility for the high rates of hospital morbidity and mortality which occurred. It is technically oriented to give both physicians and laymen insight into the day-to-day triumphs and tragedies of these men and women who worked under nearly impossible conditions.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

University of New Mexico
UNM Digital Repository
History ETDs
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
5-23-1960

An Analysis of the U.S. Army Medical Standard Supply Tables used During the Civil War Period
Jack D. Key

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected].

Abstract
One purpose of this thesis, in some small way, is to reverse present day, commonly held misconceptions of Civil War Medicine and bring into clear focus or erase altogether the exaggerated generalizations of Union Army casualties subjected to medievally administered or inexpedient therapeutics. Another purpose is to contribute a quantitative analysis of materia medica used by the U.S. Army during the Civil War with special reference to the Standard Supply Tables.


File too large to attach, please see above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
ScholarWorks@UARK
History Undergraduate Honors Theses
History
5-2023

Is Hindsight 20/20? Reconsidering Popular Perceptions of Civil War Surgeons
Miller Bacon

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].

One popular perception of the Civil War is that of a hellscape, full of destruction, pain, injury, and death. While this portrayal of the costliest war in U.S. history is in many ways accurate, there is one aspect that is based on little more than myth and misunderstanding: the modern cultural perception of Civil War surgeons as apathetic, inexperienced, or sadistic "butchers." Though trained professionals by the standards and knowledge of nineteenth-century science and medicine, the description of a Civil War surgeon as a "doctor" seems curious to many in contemporary society owing to their supposed amateurism and, at times, indifference toward or complicity in soldier deaths. This modern perception of surgeons was created during the Civil War by newspaper articles and wartime photos that showed the wanton destruction of the battlefield and similarly horrific depictions of field hospitals. But it expanded in the twentieth century through horror-filled picturizations in Hollywood films, children's literature and educational materials, and even academic writing, thus cultivating a persistent and stubborn stereotype.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

A short 15-some page paper commissioned by the UDC and written in 1916...

Longwood University
Digital Commons @ Longwood University
Prince Edward Histories
Library, Special Collections, and Archives
4-7-1916

History of the Confederate General Hospital Located at Farmville Va. 1862-65
James L. White

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Library, Special Collections, and Archives at Digital Commons @Longwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Prince Edward Histories by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @Longwood University. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].

Abstract
The History of the Confederate General Hospital Located at Farmville, VA 1862-65 was published by the Farmville Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) on April 7, 1916 by the Martin Printing Company in Farmville. The information found within the fifteen-page book was provided from an 1897 letter addressed to the UDC from James L. White, M. D., who was a surgeon stationed at the hospital during the American Civil War and a citizen of Farmville until his death in 1909. White gives an overview regarding his personal history during the war, others involved with the hospital and its structure, the days leading up to the surrender at Appomattox, Union occupation, the Confederate Cemetery, and the intentions by the UDC to commemorate Confederate soldiers.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Bodies of Knowledge: The Influence of Slaves on the Antebellum Medical Community
1997-05-02
Mitchell, Sarah
Virginia Tech
Masters Theses

Abstract
The influence of slaves on the south is well documented in areas such as agriculture, music, diet, religion and language. This thesis extends the list to include medicine. It also suggests that the importance of cultural transfer to America from places other than Europe has been overlooked in the history of medicine. The medical influence of slaves took the form of botanical remedies, many of them with an African origin, and were disseminated through the treatments of slave healers. Slave medical knowledge offered a viable alternative for whites to both nineteenth-century "heroic" practices and to alternative methods, such as homeopathy and Thomsonianism. In addition, the slave's body itself was a vehicle of medical influence. Informed by nineteenth-century beliefs about the differences between whites and blacks, antebellum physicians performed experiments upon slave bodies that they could not and did not perform on whites'. Transfer of slave medical knowledge was facilitated by personal contact between individuals, by the publicity surrounding slaves who were set free for revealing cures, through the services of slave healers, through newspapers and medical journals in which whites wrote of slave treatments and acknowledged the source of the information, and through word of mouth. This study uses the theme of ambivalence to reconcile the conflicting attitudes of southern physicians and slaveowners towards slave medical knowledge.











Instead of "One link to rule them all", every section has its own...all ten of them...

Please use above LINKS.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Holy Moly!!! If nothing else, please just read the intro of the paper. I'm surprised ANYONE survived an ACW era hospital...

University of Dayton
eCommons
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
1967

The work of the Catholic sister-nurses in the Civil War
Betty Ann Perkins
University of Dayton

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].

The Sisters were called into service in various ways. Some doctors, having worked with a certain Order previously, wanted those Sisters as nurses in their particular hospitals. Some Orders volunteered their services to their respective States and were called to nursing duties by the governors of the States. Others had already been running hospitals and when these hospitals, or parts of them, were taken over by the United States Government as army hospitals, the Sisters remained as administrators and nurses. The Confederate Government almost immediately requested nurses from the Daughters of Charity in Emmitsburg. Some found themselves pressed into service when battles took place in the vicinity of their convents. Still others staffed hospital boats which were outfitted by individuals or certain cities. Some were asked for by certain military authorities who wished Sisters to care for their men. The different Orders seldom came into contact with each other. It was not a question of any type of coordinated effort by either the Church or the Sisterhoods themselves. It was simply that a tremendous need existed, and as each Order became cognizant of this need, they either offered themselves or were asked by others to take upon themselves the task of nursing.

This study attempts to tell the story of these women. It is a difficult one to unravel as the Sisters themselves very often did not leave detailed accounts of their war experiences and the names of some of them went unrecorded. Due to the very nature of the duties involved, the sentimental or emotional side of the story seems very often to obscure the historical fact. The archives and histories of the twelve individual Sisterhoods contained the most pertinent information, though the accounts were sketchy and far from complete. Diaries and journals by Civil War participants which have been published in recent years, include some reference to the Sisters and their work, and these have added interest and authenticity to this study. This narrative has tried to remain within the bounds of historical truth and yet not overlook the spiritual and psychological benefits the Sisters produced in their patients, because that too is a part, though an indefinable part, of the story of the Civil War Sister-nurses.


Ouch!
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Military Hospitals in Memphis, 1861-1865
Patricia M. LaPointe
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 325-342 (18 pages)
Tennessee Historical Society

1718589263450.png


Military Hospitals in Memphis, 1861-1865 on JSTOR

Patricia M. LaPointe, Military Hospitals in Memphis, 1861-1865, Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 325-342
www.jstor.org www.jstor.org

Full article at above link on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
University of Dayton
eCommons
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
1968

The life of a Civil War surgeon from the letters of William S. Newton
Dale E. Floyd
University of Dayton

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].

Newton, who spent all but two months of his military service in the Ninety-First Ohio, wrote many letters home. As a well educated man and a devoted husband, he recorded sights and actions in the letters. They are quite worthwhile and informative. It is the purpose of this thesis to present Dr. Newton's job as surgeon, his adjustment to camp life, his problems at home, and his insights on the Civil War.


Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 

Attachments

Journal Article
Confederate General Hospitals: Establishment and Organization
H. H. Cunningham
The Journal of Southern History
Vol. 20, No. 3 (Aug., 1954), pp. 376-394
Southern Historical Association

1722882150720.png



Full article at above link on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
BEYOND BELLES: CONFEDERATE WOMEN IN HOSPITAL WORK
Teri A. Finder
The Schmidt College of Arts and Humanities
Master of Arts
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
May 1997
Copyright by Teri A. Finder 1997

ABSTRACT
Southern women during the American Civil War performed a vital function by producing supplies for the Confederate hospitals and assisting with the treatment of the wounded. Most women did not challenge the male dominated social structure of the South. They worked within ladies aid societies to establish and supply Confederate hospitals. A small group of women challenged the existing myth of southern womanhood by becoming official matrons of the Confederate Medical Department. These women accepted a position that required self confidence, stamina, self sacrifice and skill. Black women and Catholic nuns also made significant contributions to the treatment of the sick and wounded soldiers. The contribution of southern women gave the Confederate Medical Department time to establish a viable medical department and hospital system.


Because of copyright, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
University of New Hampshire
University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository
Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship
Spring 2017

"THEY SET THEMSELVES TO UNDERMINE THE WHOLE THING": GENDER AND AUTHORITY IN THE WORK OF UNION FEMALE NURSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Katelynn Ruth Vance
University of New Hampshire, Durham

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2017 Katelynn R. Vance

ABSTRACT
The Civil War marked American women's entry into the arena of public nursing. The influential reformer and advocate for the mentally ill, Dorothea Lynde Dix, was appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses in 1861. Dix was tasked with supervising all female Union nurses, establishing hospitals, and coordinating the arrival and distribution of supplies for the Union army. The responsibilities of the position were immense. Despite attempts to centralize her authority over the female nurses, by the end of the war, Dix had lost her administrative influence. Lacking effective administrative oversight, upper-class female nurses relied on existing social networks in order to obtain their nursing positions, as well as additional supplies for themselves and their patients. In doing so, the women consciously challenged and circumvented established administrative authority. Similar manner of behavior is also reflected in the nurses' interactions with the predominantly male hospital administrators and military authorities. The nurses' interactions with their male administrators reveal the women's decision to both embody and defy gender expectations in order to fulfill their nursing duties. This study concludes that the upper-class female nurses serving in Union hospitals exercised their own authority by circumventing and challenging established administrations in order to advocate for their patients.


Because of copyright, please use above link.

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Journal Article
She Went to War: Indiana Women Nurses in the Civil War
Peggy Brase Seigel
Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 86, No. 1 (March 1990), pp. 1-27 (27 pages)
Indiana University Press

The four years of the Civil War provided unprecedented opportunities for Indiana women to expand their traditional domestic roles. As men rushed to volunteer as soldiers following the surrender of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April, 1861, women devised ways both to help the war cause and to survive financially. Carrying their domestic skills into the public forum, they organized soldiers' aid societies to make clothing and collect supplies that they then shipped to state supply offices or took to soldiers in southern camps. They conducted bazaars and organized benefits to raise funds. They helped needy families of soldiers by supplying them with food and winter fuel. Often, out of financial necessity, they carried on family businesses, or they took jobs that had previously been largely reserved for men.


Full article at above link on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Journal Article
Daughters of Charity: Courageous and Compassionate Civil War Nurses
Betty Ann McNeil
U.S. Catholic Historian
Vol. 31, No. 1, Catholics and the Civil War (Winter 2013), pp. 51-72
Catholic University of America Press

1725046324023.png



Full article at above link on JSTOR with Google sign-in (In the upper right-hand corner of the linked page, there is a 'Log in' button. If you have a Gmail account, you have a Google sign-in and this will allow for free reading of 100 articles a month).

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
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