- Joined
- Jan 16, 2015
Coster's 73rd Pennsylvania forms near the intersection of the Emmitsburg road and Baltimore pike. Three of Smith's regiments are sent to the Taneytown road. Howard attempts to rally his men on Cemetery Hill, while the First Corps and remainder of the Eleventh Corps continue their retreat. Hays' 7th Louisiana, under Penn, reaches the Trinity German Reformed Church at the corner of East High and South Stratton streets. Other Confederates in town pursue the fleeing Federals or are busy gathering prisoners. Map denotes the situation at 4:30 p.m., July 1.
"The Seventy-third Regiment was deployed across the Emmitsburg and Baltimore roads, facing north, protecting the corps in its retreat through the town" – Member of the 73rd Pennsylvania.
"At the intersection of the Emmitsburg and Taneytown roads, the Fifty-Fifth was placed, holding the right of the brigade line" – Member of the 55th Ohio.
"We took our position in the [Taneytown] road … which place we held till the close of the fighting" – Private Maletiah L. Calkins, Company G, 136th New York.
"After the two Corps commenced their retreat for Cemetery Hill, our brigade was moved to the westward brow of the hill, my regiment being placed along the wall of the Taneytown road" – Colonel Adin B. Underwood, 33rd Massachusetts.
"At that moment … [the regiment] was the only organized force [on Cemetery Hill] in good condition for the fight" – Member of the 73rd Ohio.
"Some difficulty was experienced in forming the troops of the Eleventh Corps [on Cemetery Hill]" – Major General Winfield S. Hancock.
"The broken regiments were emerging from Gettysburg … a colonel passed by murmuring something in German … fragments of his regiment were following him. Seeing the color sergeant and guard ... I called out: 'Sergeant, plant your flag down there in that stone wall!' Not recognizing me the sergeant said impulsively: 'All right, if you will go with me, I will! Thereupon I took the flag and accompanied by [aide-de-camp Lieutenant] Rogers, the sergeant and his men, set it up above the wall. That flag served to rally the regiment … and other troops" – Major General Oliver O. Howard.
"When Howard reached the stone wall a staff officer took the flag from his hand and planted it, as the General indicated, between the stones. … One colonel with a very straggling following of men, and having in his whole aspect a very wilted and drooping appearance, persisted in going on eastward over the hill. General Howard had sent an officer to turn him and his command back; seeing that he refused to obey, Howard promptly put him under arrest and put another officer in charge of the regiment" – Major Charles H. Howard, Aide-de-camp on the staff of Major General Oliver O. Howard.
"I remember distinctly of halting what was left of my men on the Baltimore Pike in front of the brick house at the entrance to the town cemetery, to ascertain where the brigade was; when I [saw] our regiment flag we moved down to it … the regiment was partly divided by the stone wall" – 2nd Lieutenant J. Clyde Miller, Company A, 153rd Pennsylvania.
"Upon arriving near the battery on Cemetery Hill, the regiment was halted, and formed in line of battle fronting the town" – Major Allen G. Brady, 17th Connecticut.
"I was ordered by Major [Thomas W.] Osborn to take up a position with my section on the right of Captain [Michael] Wiedrich [Battery I, 1st New York], and about 100 yards north of the graveyard, on a small range of hills. At the same time he ordered me to get another gun from [1st] Lieutenant [Eugene A.] Bancroft and place it on the road or pike" – 2nd Lieutenant Christopher F. Merkle, Battery G, 4th U.S.
"On the retreat the guns of the Fifth were intermingled with those of Captain [James H.] Cooper's Battery B, 1st Penn., and … moved along Baltimore street, and up the hill on the Baltimore pike to the cemetery gate. This was the rallying point of broken and disordered regiments and batteries" – Member of the 5th Maine Battery.
"I rode on to the top of the Cemetery Hill, the existence of which I now learned for the first time" – Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, First Corps Artillery Brigade.
"In front of our house [on Baltimore Street] the crowd was so great that I believe I could have walked across the street on the heads of the soldiers. The soldiers in retreat called to us, 'Go to the cellar!'" – Anna L. Garlach (civilian)
"The crowd overflowed into yards and alleys. There was not a panic, only unavoidable confusion. … Individual judgment, rather than orders, led men to attempt to reach the heights at the cemetery, and toward that position all struggled" – Sergeant Sidney G. Cooke, Company E, 147th New York.
"The 6th Wis. and Battery B [4th U.S.] clung together … on the retreat … neither [Lieutenant James] Stewart nor I had any instructions where to go. We knew nothing about Cemetery Hill. /// We hurried along, not knowing certainly that we might not be marching into the clutches of the enemy. But the colors of the Union, floating over a well-ordered line of men in blue, who were arrayed along the slope of Cemetery Hill, became visible. This was the Seventy-third Ohio" – Lieutenant Colonel Rufus R. Dawes, 6th Wisconsin.
"I … joined the throng. The road we were on led away from the town, up a rather steep ascent to where we found some of the Eleventh Corps" – Captain John D. S. Cook, 20th New York State Militia (80th New York).
"I ran [a Confederate prisoner] through Gettysburg. … He may think I was harsh, as I threatened to stick my bayonet into him if he did not run faster. He was a good runner, and the Confederates were urging me. When we got through the town I went to Cemetery Hill" – Private Samuel Peabody, Company I, 16th Maine.
"Followed a mass of men on top of a hill on the road" – Major Alexander Biddle, 121st Pennsylvania.
"I hurried along … as fast as I could, and was passing a barn in the outskirts of town when I heard someone shout, 'Oh, Hubler!' The shout came from within the interior of the barn. I turned and entered one of the doors and found [Private] Sidney Telley, of my company, lying in one of the cow stalls severely wounded in the arm" – Corporal Simon Hubler, Company I, 143rd Pennsylvania.
"As I was going up one of the streets, I came to a bakery and went in and asked the baker how he sold soft bread. He said it was 50 cents a loaf. I told him to give me three loaves, and as I threw down the money for it, I told him he would sell it cheaper before night. I then went out, and as I passed his cellar door I looked down and there was a barrel marked 'Monongahela Whiskey.' Thinks I, this is fatness, but just as I made one step towards it, I looked down the street and there not 50 yards away came the Johnnies, shooting at everything in sight. Water was good enough for me just then" – Robert A. Shearer, Company E, 11th Pennsylvania.
"[With the 82nd Illinois and 61st Ohio] I guarded the cross streets as much as possible, until I finally ran into a cul-de-sac, where I was compelled to have a heavy, tight board fence knocked down to make it possible to proceed" – Lieutenant Colonel Edward S. Salomon, 82nd Illinois.
"Passing a church [probably Trinity German Reformed Church] on the outskirts, Surgeon [Louis] Schultz [of the 68th New York], frightened to death, stopped me and asked if he would be taken prisoner if caught. I said: 'Put a white handkerchief on your arm; and attend to the wounded, there are lots of them in the streets.' This delayed me and some twenty rebels came rushing on, hallooing to me to surrender" – Captain Friedrich Otto von Fritsch, Company I, 68th New York.
"[Reached] the church" – Colonel Davidson B. Penn, 7th Louisiana.
"An old doctor came through the church [Trinity German Reformed Church] and told us that all who could travel should get out of the church … I saw there was no chance for a cripple to get out … so I went back to my pew … The first thing I did was to destroy my cartridges … a guard came through and relieved me of my gun" – Private Reuben S. Ruch, Company F, 153rd Pennsylvania.
"I with many in the hospital [at Trinity German Reformed Church] was made a captive" – Corporal Rudolph Roessel, Company B, 153rd Pennsylvania.
"When I was opposite the stone-yard … (at the northeast corner of Washington and High streets), a column of the rebels came charging down a cross-street and cut off about a hundred men with me. A rebel captain seized the colors from my hand, and the next minute he went down. Another officer went to him, and he gave him the colors and told him to present them to President [Jefferson] Davis with his compliments" – Corporal Rodney Conner, Company C, 150th Pennsylvania.
"As we were looking out one of the cellar windows we saw some of our men who'd been taken prisoners, and they were standing so near that we spoke to them. They said they expected to be sent off South and wished we would write to their home people. Then, one after the other, they gave us their names, and the addresses of the persons to whom we were to write" – Elizabeth Salome "Sallie" Myers (civilian).
"The writer was taken prisoner … near the front door of Miss Myers' home. She took his name and address, and those of several of his comrades, and wrote very kind letters to their friends concerning them" – Private Hamilton J. Russell, Company B, 82nd Ohio.
Sources:
-Address of Private George T. R. Knorr of the Second Maryland Infantry, Dedication of Monument to the 73d Pennsylvania Infantry, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, pp. 423-424.
-Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, by Capt. Hartwell Osborn and others, Chicago, IL: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904, p. 96.
-Diary of a Soldier, Maletiah L. Calkins, by Dr. Frank Crocker, quoting passages from Wyoming County News Articles 1862-1863, comp. by B. Conrad Bush, http://www.russscott.com/~rscott/136thny/136book.htm, 11/23/2002.
-December 9, 1881 report of Colonel Adin Ballou Underwood, Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ed. by Janet B. Hewett, Noah Andre Trudeau, Bryce A. Suderow, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, vol. 5, serial no. 5, p. 217.
-73rd Ohio, Ohio in the War, by Whitelaw Reid, II:422.
-Official reports of Maj. Gen. Winf'd S. Hancock, Maj. A. G. Brady, 2nd Lt. C. F. Merkle.
-Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Freeport, NY: Book for Libraries Press, 1971, p. 419.
-First Day at Gettysburg, by General Charles H. Howard, paper read October 1, 1903 before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Chicago, IL: Cozzens & Beaton Company, 1907, reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1992, p. 259.
-March 2, 1886 letter of J. Clyde Miller to Col. John B. Bachelder, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1212.
-Stevens' Fifth Maine Battery, Maine at Gettysburg, Report of Maine Commissioners, prepared by the Executive Committee, Portland, ME: The Lakeside Press, 1898, p. 88.
-A Diary of Battle, The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865, ed. by Allan Nevins, 1962, New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World, p. 237.
-Anna Garlach quoted in, Witness to Gettysburg, by Richard Wheeler, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1987, p. 158. [Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelpfennig soon hid behind a woodpile at the Garlach residence.]
-The First Day at Gettysburg, by Sidney G. Cooke, 2nd Lt., 147th New York, War Talks in Kansas, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Kansas City, MO: 1906, p. 284.
-Gen. Dawes and the "Cannoneer," by R. R. Dawes, National Tribune, December 5, 1889, p. 1; Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, by Rufus R. Dawes, Marietta, OH: E. R. Alderman & Sons, 1890, p. 178.
-Personal Reminiscences of Gettysburg, by Capt. John D. S. Cook, War Talks in Kansas, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Kansas City, MO: 1906, p. 328.
-The 16th Me. At Gettysburg, by Samuel Peabody, National Tribune, April 18, 1901, p. 3.
-An Account of the Battle, by Alexander Biddle, Biddle Family Papers, 1775-1919, Rosenbach Museum and Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
-Memoirs of Gettysburg, Simon Hubler, http://homepages.dsu.edu/jankej/civilwar/hubler.htm, 05/10/2010.
-Robert A. Shearer, National Tribune, April 17, 1890, p. 5. [Shearer enlisted as a private and was later promoted to corporal.]
-Gettysburg, by Brevet Brigadier General Edward S. Salomon, California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, February 8, 1888, reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1995, p. 399.
-A Modern Soldier of Fortune, Diary of Friedrich Otto Baron von Fritsch, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
-Confederate Military History, Extended Addition, ed. by Gen. Clement A. Evans, Confederate Publishing Co., 1889, reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1988, vol. XIII, Louisiana, pp. 540-544.
-Account of Reuben S. Ruch, History of the One Hundred and Fifty Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, by Rev. W. R. Kiefer and Newton H. Mack, Easton, PA: Press of the Chemical Publishing Co., 1909, pp. 216-217.
-"In Lieu of a Draft," The Civil War Diary of Rudolph Roessel, by Matthew Hollis and Andrew DeCusati, Winchester, VA: Crossroads to History, Vol. 5, no. 2, Sep/Oct 2000, p. 16.
-First Day's Fight at Gettysburg, by Richard L. Ashhurst, Military Essays and Recollections, Pennsylvania Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, comp. by Michael A. Cavanaugh, vol. I, 1866-1903, reprint, Broadfoot Publishing Co., Wilmington, NC: 1995, p. 320.
-History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, by Lt. Col. Thomas Chamberlin, Philadelphia, PA: F. McManus, Jr. & Co., Printers, 1905, pp. 137-138.
-The School Teacher, Battleground Adventures, by Clifton Johnson, Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1915, p. 178.
-H. J. Russell, The National Tribune, October 20, 1887, p. 3. See also: https://civilwartalk.com/threads/el...soldier-of-the-82nd-ohio-and-comrades.147395/
"The Seventy-third Regiment was deployed across the Emmitsburg and Baltimore roads, facing north, protecting the corps in its retreat through the town" – Member of the 73rd Pennsylvania.
"At the intersection of the Emmitsburg and Taneytown roads, the Fifty-Fifth was placed, holding the right of the brigade line" – Member of the 55th Ohio.
"We took our position in the [Taneytown] road … which place we held till the close of the fighting" – Private Maletiah L. Calkins, Company G, 136th New York.
"After the two Corps commenced their retreat for Cemetery Hill, our brigade was moved to the westward brow of the hill, my regiment being placed along the wall of the Taneytown road" – Colonel Adin B. Underwood, 33rd Massachusetts.
"At that moment … [the regiment] was the only organized force [on Cemetery Hill] in good condition for the fight" – Member of the 73rd Ohio.
"Some difficulty was experienced in forming the troops of the Eleventh Corps [on Cemetery Hill]" – Major General Winfield S. Hancock.
"The broken regiments were emerging from Gettysburg … a colonel passed by murmuring something in German … fragments of his regiment were following him. Seeing the color sergeant and guard ... I called out: 'Sergeant, plant your flag down there in that stone wall!' Not recognizing me the sergeant said impulsively: 'All right, if you will go with me, I will! Thereupon I took the flag and accompanied by [aide-de-camp Lieutenant] Rogers, the sergeant and his men, set it up above the wall. That flag served to rally the regiment … and other troops" – Major General Oliver O. Howard.
"When Howard reached the stone wall a staff officer took the flag from his hand and planted it, as the General indicated, between the stones. … One colonel with a very straggling following of men, and having in his whole aspect a very wilted and drooping appearance, persisted in going on eastward over the hill. General Howard had sent an officer to turn him and his command back; seeing that he refused to obey, Howard promptly put him under arrest and put another officer in charge of the regiment" – Major Charles H. Howard, Aide-de-camp on the staff of Major General Oliver O. Howard.
"I remember distinctly of halting what was left of my men on the Baltimore Pike in front of the brick house at the entrance to the town cemetery, to ascertain where the brigade was; when I [saw] our regiment flag we moved down to it … the regiment was partly divided by the stone wall" – 2nd Lieutenant J. Clyde Miller, Company A, 153rd Pennsylvania.
"Upon arriving near the battery on Cemetery Hill, the regiment was halted, and formed in line of battle fronting the town" – Major Allen G. Brady, 17th Connecticut.
"I was ordered by Major [Thomas W.] Osborn to take up a position with my section on the right of Captain [Michael] Wiedrich [Battery I, 1st New York], and about 100 yards north of the graveyard, on a small range of hills. At the same time he ordered me to get another gun from [1st] Lieutenant [Eugene A.] Bancroft and place it on the road or pike" – 2nd Lieutenant Christopher F. Merkle, Battery G, 4th U.S.
"On the retreat the guns of the Fifth were intermingled with those of Captain [James H.] Cooper's Battery B, 1st Penn., and … moved along Baltimore street, and up the hill on the Baltimore pike to the cemetery gate. This was the rallying point of broken and disordered regiments and batteries" – Member of the 5th Maine Battery.
"I rode on to the top of the Cemetery Hill, the existence of which I now learned for the first time" – Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, First Corps Artillery Brigade.
"In front of our house [on Baltimore Street] the crowd was so great that I believe I could have walked across the street on the heads of the soldiers. The soldiers in retreat called to us, 'Go to the cellar!'" – Anna L. Garlach (civilian)
"The crowd overflowed into yards and alleys. There was not a panic, only unavoidable confusion. … Individual judgment, rather than orders, led men to attempt to reach the heights at the cemetery, and toward that position all struggled" – Sergeant Sidney G. Cooke, Company E, 147th New York.
"The 6th Wis. and Battery B [4th U.S.] clung together … on the retreat … neither [Lieutenant James] Stewart nor I had any instructions where to go. We knew nothing about Cemetery Hill. /// We hurried along, not knowing certainly that we might not be marching into the clutches of the enemy. But the colors of the Union, floating over a well-ordered line of men in blue, who were arrayed along the slope of Cemetery Hill, became visible. This was the Seventy-third Ohio" – Lieutenant Colonel Rufus R. Dawes, 6th Wisconsin.
"I … joined the throng. The road we were on led away from the town, up a rather steep ascent to where we found some of the Eleventh Corps" – Captain John D. S. Cook, 20th New York State Militia (80th New York).
"I ran [a Confederate prisoner] through Gettysburg. … He may think I was harsh, as I threatened to stick my bayonet into him if he did not run faster. He was a good runner, and the Confederates were urging me. When we got through the town I went to Cemetery Hill" – Private Samuel Peabody, Company I, 16th Maine.
"Followed a mass of men on top of a hill on the road" – Major Alexander Biddle, 121st Pennsylvania.
"I hurried along … as fast as I could, and was passing a barn in the outskirts of town when I heard someone shout, 'Oh, Hubler!' The shout came from within the interior of the barn. I turned and entered one of the doors and found [Private] Sidney Telley, of my company, lying in one of the cow stalls severely wounded in the arm" – Corporal Simon Hubler, Company I, 143rd Pennsylvania.
"As I was going up one of the streets, I came to a bakery and went in and asked the baker how he sold soft bread. He said it was 50 cents a loaf. I told him to give me three loaves, and as I threw down the money for it, I told him he would sell it cheaper before night. I then went out, and as I passed his cellar door I looked down and there was a barrel marked 'Monongahela Whiskey.' Thinks I, this is fatness, but just as I made one step towards it, I looked down the street and there not 50 yards away came the Johnnies, shooting at everything in sight. Water was good enough for me just then" – Robert A. Shearer, Company E, 11th Pennsylvania.
"[With the 82nd Illinois and 61st Ohio] I guarded the cross streets as much as possible, until I finally ran into a cul-de-sac, where I was compelled to have a heavy, tight board fence knocked down to make it possible to proceed" – Lieutenant Colonel Edward S. Salomon, 82nd Illinois.
"Passing a church [probably Trinity German Reformed Church] on the outskirts, Surgeon [Louis] Schultz [of the 68th New York], frightened to death, stopped me and asked if he would be taken prisoner if caught. I said: 'Put a white handkerchief on your arm; and attend to the wounded, there are lots of them in the streets.' This delayed me and some twenty rebels came rushing on, hallooing to me to surrender" – Captain Friedrich Otto von Fritsch, Company I, 68th New York.
"[Reached] the church" – Colonel Davidson B. Penn, 7th Louisiana.
"An old doctor came through the church [Trinity German Reformed Church] and told us that all who could travel should get out of the church … I saw there was no chance for a cripple to get out … so I went back to my pew … The first thing I did was to destroy my cartridges … a guard came through and relieved me of my gun" – Private Reuben S. Ruch, Company F, 153rd Pennsylvania.
"I with many in the hospital [at Trinity German Reformed Church] was made a captive" – Corporal Rudolph Roessel, Company B, 153rd Pennsylvania.
"When I was opposite the stone-yard … (at the northeast corner of Washington and High streets), a column of the rebels came charging down a cross-street and cut off about a hundred men with me. A rebel captain seized the colors from my hand, and the next minute he went down. Another officer went to him, and he gave him the colors and told him to present them to President [Jefferson] Davis with his compliments" – Corporal Rodney Conner, Company C, 150th Pennsylvania.
"As we were looking out one of the cellar windows we saw some of our men who'd been taken prisoners, and they were standing so near that we spoke to them. They said they expected to be sent off South and wished we would write to their home people. Then, one after the other, they gave us their names, and the addresses of the persons to whom we were to write" – Elizabeth Salome "Sallie" Myers (civilian).
"The writer was taken prisoner … near the front door of Miss Myers' home. She took his name and address, and those of several of his comrades, and wrote very kind letters to their friends concerning them" – Private Hamilton J. Russell, Company B, 82nd Ohio.
Sources:
-Address of Private George T. R. Knorr of the Second Maryland Infantry, Dedication of Monument to the 73d Pennsylvania Infantry, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, pp. 423-424.
-Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, by Capt. Hartwell Osborn and others, Chicago, IL: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904, p. 96.
-Diary of a Soldier, Maletiah L. Calkins, by Dr. Frank Crocker, quoting passages from Wyoming County News Articles 1862-1863, comp. by B. Conrad Bush, http://www.russscott.com/~rscott/136thny/136book.htm, 11/23/2002.
-December 9, 1881 report of Colonel Adin Ballou Underwood, Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ed. by Janet B. Hewett, Noah Andre Trudeau, Bryce A. Suderow, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, vol. 5, serial no. 5, p. 217.
-73rd Ohio, Ohio in the War, by Whitelaw Reid, II:422.
-Official reports of Maj. Gen. Winf'd S. Hancock, Maj. A. G. Brady, 2nd Lt. C. F. Merkle.
-Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Freeport, NY: Book for Libraries Press, 1971, p. 419.
-First Day at Gettysburg, by General Charles H. Howard, paper read October 1, 1903 before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Chicago, IL: Cozzens & Beaton Company, 1907, reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1992, p. 259.
-March 2, 1886 letter of J. Clyde Miller to Col. John B. Bachelder, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1212.
-Stevens' Fifth Maine Battery, Maine at Gettysburg, Report of Maine Commissioners, prepared by the Executive Committee, Portland, ME: The Lakeside Press, 1898, p. 88.
-A Diary of Battle, The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865, ed. by Allan Nevins, 1962, New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World, p. 237.
-Anna Garlach quoted in, Witness to Gettysburg, by Richard Wheeler, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1987, p. 158. [Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelpfennig soon hid behind a woodpile at the Garlach residence.]
-The First Day at Gettysburg, by Sidney G. Cooke, 2nd Lt., 147th New York, War Talks in Kansas, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Kansas City, MO: 1906, p. 284.
-Gen. Dawes and the "Cannoneer," by R. R. Dawes, National Tribune, December 5, 1889, p. 1; Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, by Rufus R. Dawes, Marietta, OH: E. R. Alderman & Sons, 1890, p. 178.
-Personal Reminiscences of Gettysburg, by Capt. John D. S. Cook, War Talks in Kansas, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Kansas City, MO: 1906, p. 328.
-The 16th Me. At Gettysburg, by Samuel Peabody, National Tribune, April 18, 1901, p. 3.
-An Account of the Battle, by Alexander Biddle, Biddle Family Papers, 1775-1919, Rosenbach Museum and Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
-Memoirs of Gettysburg, Simon Hubler, http://homepages.dsu.edu/jankej/civilwar/hubler.htm, 05/10/2010.
-Robert A. Shearer, National Tribune, April 17, 1890, p. 5. [Shearer enlisted as a private and was later promoted to corporal.]
-Gettysburg, by Brevet Brigadier General Edward S. Salomon, California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, February 8, 1888, reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1995, p. 399.
-A Modern Soldier of Fortune, Diary of Friedrich Otto Baron von Fritsch, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
-Confederate Military History, Extended Addition, ed. by Gen. Clement A. Evans, Confederate Publishing Co., 1889, reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1988, vol. XIII, Louisiana, pp. 540-544.
-Account of Reuben S. Ruch, History of the One Hundred and Fifty Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, by Rev. W. R. Kiefer and Newton H. Mack, Easton, PA: Press of the Chemical Publishing Co., 1909, pp. 216-217.
-"In Lieu of a Draft," The Civil War Diary of Rudolph Roessel, by Matthew Hollis and Andrew DeCusati, Winchester, VA: Crossroads to History, Vol. 5, no. 2, Sep/Oct 2000, p. 16.
-First Day's Fight at Gettysburg, by Richard L. Ashhurst, Military Essays and Recollections, Pennsylvania Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, comp. by Michael A. Cavanaugh, vol. I, 1866-1903, reprint, Broadfoot Publishing Co., Wilmington, NC: 1995, p. 320.
-History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, by Lt. Col. Thomas Chamberlin, Philadelphia, PA: F. McManus, Jr. & Co., Printers, 1905, pp. 137-138.
-The School Teacher, Battleground Adventures, by Clifton Johnson, Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1915, p. 178.
-H. J. Russell, The National Tribune, October 20, 1887, p. 3. See also: https://civilwartalk.com/threads/el...soldier-of-the-82nd-ohio-and-comrades.147395/
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