Ironclad 1862 CS Gunboat Iron Source

I have no document to answer that question. We have proof that they produced car axles and wheels, spikes, nails, shot and iron. There was at least one rolling mill and a reputation for producing castings of many types.
Thanks Dave. It may be then that they rolled the plates for the Charleston Squadron, I wondered if Easons actually did that from iron supplied. There are still unanswered questions about the armour of these three.
 
Sirs, hunting around I can find all kinds of references TO the Etowah Iron Works and its owners but not much ABOUT any details of said concern.

Striking out here,
USS ALASKA
 
It seems there were literally tons of iron and iron ore available in 1862. What happened? My guess is part of the problem was the manpower for iron mining and manufacturing was drafted and dried up. Was the manpower (skilled labor) shortage behind many other of the Confederacy's shortages?
 
Sirs, hunting around I can find all kinds of references TO the Etowah Iron Works and its owners but not much ABOUT any details of said concern.

Striking out here,
USS ALASKA
The sales brochure, 1860, says merchant iron of all shapes was rolled -- round, oval, square, etc. It is unlikely the mill was rebuilt to handle plates, and there have not been any documents found to indicate that it was rebuilt.
 
It seems there were literally tons of iron and iron ore available in 1862. What happened? My guess is part of the problem was the manpower for iron mining and manufacturing was drafted and dried up. Was the manpower (skilled labor) shortage behind many other of the Confederacy's shortages?
My belief is that the Confederacy's greatest shortage was that of manpower -- everything that was needed required labor to produce: salt, iron, lead, food, fortifications, railroads, ordnance stores, quartermaster stores, and a few dozen others (not to mention soldiers). Slaves could handle some jobs, but their cost was substantial.
 
All across the border states slaveholding was evolving in 1860. The classic plantation model was, for a variety of reasons, no longer profitable. Re: Robert E. Lee's woeful attempts to make his wife's inheritance into a paying operation. Many slaves were highly skilled craftsmen & women worth $1,500 to 2,500.

In Richmond, for example, a large number of slaves lived independent lives only paying their owners a monthly fee. "Extras," the market term for surplus labor, were extremely lucrative. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia slaveholders were dependent on the sale of extras for their economic survival. It is no exaggeration to say that the Old Virginia that Lee, et al, were fighting for was an economy that raised human beings for sale.

All you have to do is look at the advertisements that N.B, Forrest & partner placed in Memphis papers to see how the market in skilled extras worked. House servants, lady's maids, blacksmiths & other tradesmen from border states were offered for sale.

In Middle Tennessee slaves had a reputation for being unusually literate. Here in Murfreesboro, the slave children of Oaklands & other plantations were taught ABC's by the mistress & her daughters. In town, the Spence family had custom carriage shop dependent on the labor of group of highly skilled slaves.

In the corner where Tennessee & Kentucky meet the Mississippi River, a major iron smelting area was manned by industrial slaves. The loss of that major source of iron & manufacturing capacity when Fort Donelson fell & A.S. Johnston ordered a general retreat was a major strategic blow.

The message here is that there was a large highly skilled body of slaves in the Upper South. Perhaps the experience of Wessington Plantation, northwest of Nashville is a telling example of the crisis of skilled labor that plagued CSA operations. A master blacksmith was an essential member of the very large, very profitable Wessington tobacco production. In a short period of time one blacksmith after another disappeared.

The burgeoning iron industry in the North was desperate for master & journeyman metal workers. Via the jungle telegraph skilled slaves were actively recruited. The butlers, pastry cooks, maids, valets, & other household that had been trained to a very high standard were offered top wages by the new spas & hotels that catered to the rising wealthy industrial classes.

As always, follow the money to get to the heart of an issue. There was a large body of highly skilled individuals that were the product of the evolution of slaveholding. Barrels of ink were expended defending the superiority of slave vs free labor. Regardless of the highly reasoned arguments, the market for skilled workers of all kinds was what drove the economy. $25 a month was what amounted to the minimum wage of a journeyman worth $1,500 ($70,000 +/- 2024 dollars) drew skilled slaves northward.

Needless to say, market forces sucking skilled labor away from slaveholding enterprises just when wartime production was an existential threat to the CSA's survival.

Note: A large body of letters written by elite slaveholding families reflect genuine hurt feelings & shock when their house servants were the first to run off post secession. It was no secret that the prime light skinned household staff were blood relations. Some variation of, "How could our lifelong friends do this to us?" was the common theme. Slaveholders grieved for what they saw as a personal betrayal. Needless to say, the enslaved saw the relationship in quite another way.
 
1713546495723.png


Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation by Michael Brem Bonner



1713547018002.png


Mastering Iron: The Struggle to Modernize an American Industry, 1800-1868 by Anne Kelly Knowles


1713547515562.png



Iron Artisans: Welsh Immigrants and the American Age of Steel by Ronald L. Lewis


1713547884300.png


Underwater Ghost Towns of North Georgia by Lisa M Russell


1713548174253.png


Industry Technology: Antebellum Tennessee by R. Bruce Council Nicholas Honerkamp


1713548954397.png


Lost Towns of North Georgia by Lisa M. Russell


...and yes Ladies and Gentlemen we now have cross sub-forum points for bringing Railroads into this but also cross web-site points for bringing this ACW railroad site into the thread - I have NEVER read what is on this site...seems kinda shady...do with it what you will...

:wink:

Can anyone comment on the above sited books? Some look very interesting...

Cheers,
USS ALASKA
 
Thanks Dave. It may be then that they rolled the plates for the Charleston Squadron, I wondered if Easons actually did that from iron supplied. There are still unanswered questions about the armour of these three.
Mark Anthony Cooper, The Iron Man of Georgia, by Mark Cooper Pope III, 2000, Graphic Publishing Co., Atlanta.

The above book includes the following information on our topic:
p. 180 QMG Myers reported to Davis that Cooper had been approached about supplying sheet iron for the department, but he declined because "his opportunities in the manufacture of bar iron and nails were too profitable to justify a change in his present machinery."

p. 181-3 After the Andrews Raid on the line of the Western & Atlantic RR, Cooper pushed for better security for the coal traffic through Chattanooga to all of Georgia and South Carolina. "Halt that coal and you stop all things, mills, shops, armories & foundries." (Cooper ltr to Sec War Randolph, 5/10/62)

The start of conscription caused a major departure of skilled men from his works, men who would rather volunteer than wait on the conscription system. May of these men were not particularly skilled (tree cutters and wood haulers, general labor), though many, including miners, were. Cooper wrote numerous letters to Richmond to get his valuable men released so operations could continue. Some of the men were detailed, but on occasion it was to other furnace operations.

p. 183 A Navy officer visited the Rolling Mills under orders to make a contract for materials needed in constructing an unfinished gunboat at Charleston. "I find one half of the furnaces idle for want of their men, as named in the enclosed list. ... I respectfully inform the Dept. that government officers find it difficult to complete their contracts in consequence of this deficiency. I therefore respectfully certify on honor that the men within named on list are absolutely necessary at these works to complete contracts with the government." (12 names on the list) (Ltr fm 1st Assistant Engineer, CSN, to A. J. Bledsoe (Asst Sec. of War), 6/4/62)

One officer at Camp Randolph in Calhoun decided that wood choppers and teamsters needed in the iron business could not be exempted. Cooper wrote Sec. War to intervene -- everything he was making was for government use! Gen. Cooper informed Cooper that the matter had been forwarded to Gen. Lee for decision.

p. 184 Sec of War received a letter from another contractor making it clear that the stakes were too great for the Government to not heed Cooper's pleas. The letter came from a contractor who was providing horse shoes and nails for the Army in East Tn. "The amount is enormous, requiring nearly a ton of iron per day." Sufficient iron could not be had -- his supply came from Cooper, who could not keep up with demand for lack of workers. "I must request in behalf of the Army of E. Tn. that you send some hands." (ltr C. A. Simmons to Sec War 8/19/62)

Cooper detailed his frustration in a letter to an Atlanta newspaper after the unfinished naval ram, the Mississippi, had to be burned to save if from capture. Delay on the ship was attributed to the failure of the Etowah IW "to complete its contract for bolts in due season." (Atlanta Intelligencer, date uncertain, clipping)

P. 185 Cooper said the order had been received on March 15 and he shipped "all the iron we had on hand or could make, to the exclusion of anybody's order." Again mentioned the lack of coal from Chattanooga and the loss of 70 men who had volunteered for the army.

The result was the government would not supply the men Cooper needed, but decided to buy the Works and had it run by Quimby & Robinson. Contract 7/19/65 That company began to report the exact labor and coal problems Cooper had identified only 5 days after the sale was made.

--- So you can see why I do not think Cooper rebuilt his works to make armor plate.
 
Mark Anthony Cooper, The Iron Man of Georgia, by Mark Cooper Pope III, 2000, Graphic Publishing Co., Atlanta.

The above book includes the following information on our topic:
p. 180 QMG Myers reported to Davis that Cooper had been approached about supplying sheet iron for the department, but he declined because "his opportunities in the manufacture of bar iron and nails were too profitable to justify a change in his present machinery."

p. 181-3 After the Andrews Raid on the line of the Western & Atlantic RR, Cooper pushed for better security for the coal traffic through Chattanooga to all of Georgia and South Carolina. "Halt that coal and you stop all things, mills, shops, armories & foundries." (Cooper ltr to Sec War Randolph, 5/10/62)

The start of conscription caused a major departure of skilled men from his works, men who would rather volunteer than wait on the conscription system. May of these men were not particularly skilled (tree cutters and wood haulers, general labor), though many, including miners, were. Cooper wrote numerous letters to Richmond to get his valuable men released so operations could continue. Some of the men were detailed, but on occasion it was to other furnace operations.

p. 183 A Navy officer visited the Rolling Mills under orders to make a contract for materials needed in constructing an unfinished gunboat at Charleston. "I find one half of the furnaces idle for want of their men, as named in the enclosed list. ... I respectfully inform the Dept. that government officers find it difficult to complete their contracts in consequence of this deficiency. I therefore respectfully certify on honor that the men within named on list are absolutely necessary at these works to complete contracts with the government." (12 names on the list) (Ltr fm 1st Assistant Engineer, CSN, to A. J. Bledsoe (Asst Sec. of War), 6/4/62)

One officer at Camp Randolph in Calhoun decided that wood choppers and teamsters needed in the iron business could not be exempted. Cooper wrote Sec. War to intervene -- everything he was making was for government use! Gen. Cooper informed Cooper that the matter had been forwarded to Gen. Lee for decision.

p. 184 Sec of War received a letter from another contractor making it clear that the stakes were too great for the Government to not heed Cooper's pleas. The letter came from a contractor who was providing horse shoes and nails for the Army in East Tn. "The amount is enormous, requiring nearly a ton of iron per day." Sufficient iron could not be had -- his supply came from Cooper, who could not keep up with demand for lack of workers. "I must request in behalf of the Army of E. Tn. that you send some hands." (ltr C. A. Simmons to Sec War 8/19/62)

Cooper detailed his frustration in a letter to an Atlanta newspaper after the unfinished naval ram, the Mississippi, had to be burned to save if from capture. Delay on the ship was attributed to the failure of the Etowah IW "to complete its contract for bolts in due season." (Atlanta Intelligencer, date uncertain, clipping)

P. 185 Cooper said the order had been received on March 15 and he shipped "all the iron we had on hand or could make, to the exclusion of anybody's order." Again mentioned the lack of coal from Chattanooga and the loss of 70 men who had volunteered for the army.

The result was the government would not supply the men Cooper needed, but decided to buy the Works and had it run by Quimby & Robinson. Contract 7/19/65 That company began to report the exact labor and coal problems Cooper had identified only 5 days after the sale was made.

--- So you can see why I do not think Cooper rebuilt his works to make armor plate.

Excellent citations, thank you.
 
IMG_1770.jpeg

The mills powered by the falling waters of the Duck River in Manchester TN were a strategic asset. The powder mills there & in Nashville were of vital importance. The CSA only had nine powder mills.

In Nashville the Plow Works manufactured cannon & edged weapons. In Murfreesboro, wooden canteens & buckets were made of aromatic red cedar. Army wagons & pistols were made there, as well.

When A.S. Johnston lost northern Middle TN & Bragg was kicked out of TN & lost Chattanooga diverse industrial assets the CSA could ill afford to loose fell into Union hands.

These were resource & manufacturing operations that the CSA could not survive without.

Note: Old Stone Fort Archeological Park is a short drive from I-24 on U.S. 41. It is not a fort, low wall built up over 2,000 years ago mark out a flat iron ceremonial area. Two branches of the Duck River cascade along its perimeter. I do not know of a more convenient or beautiful day hike or stroll anywhere.
 
Last edited:
Mark Anthony Cooper, The Iron Man of Georgia, by Mark Cooper Pope III, 2000, Graphic Publishing Co., Atlanta.

The above book includes the following information on our topic:
p. 180 QMG Myers reported to Davis that Cooper had been approached about supplying sheet iron for the department, but he declined because "his opportunities in the manufacture of bar iron and nails were too profitable to justify a change in his present machinery."

p. 181-3 After the Andrews Raid on the line of the Western & Atlantic RR, Cooper pushed for better security for the coal traffic through Chattanooga to all of Georgia and South Carolina. "Halt that coal and you stop all things, mills, shops, armories & foundries." (Cooper ltr to Sec War Randolph, 5/10/62)

The start of conscription caused a major departure of skilled men from his works, men who would rather volunteer than wait on the conscription system. May of these men were not particularly skilled (tree cutters and wood haulers, general labor), though many, including miners, were. Cooper wrote numerous letters to Richmond to get his valuable men released so operations could continue. Some of the men were detailed, but on occasion it was to other furnace operations.

p. 183 A Navy officer visited the Rolling Mills under orders to make a contract for materials needed in constructing an unfinished gunboat at Charleston. "I find one half of the furnaces idle for want of their men, as named in the enclosed list. ... I respectfully inform the Dept. that government officers find it difficult to complete their contracts in consequence of this deficiency. I therefore respectfully certify on honor that the men within named on list are absolutely necessary at these works to complete contracts with the government." (12 names on the list) (Ltr fm 1st Assistant Engineer, CSN, to A. J. Bledsoe (Asst Sec. of War), 6/4/62)

One officer at Camp Randolph in Calhoun decided that wood choppers and teamsters needed in the iron business could not be exempted. Cooper wrote Sec. War to intervene -- everything he was making was for government use! Gen. Cooper informed Cooper that the matter had been forwarded to Gen. Lee for decision.

p. 184 Sec of War received a letter from another contractor making it clear that the stakes were too great for the Government to not heed Cooper's pleas. The letter came from a contractor who was providing horse shoes and nails for the Army in East Tn. "The amount is enormous, requiring nearly a ton of iron per day." Sufficient iron could not be had -- his supply came from Cooper, who could not keep up with demand for lack of workers. "I must request in behalf of the Army of E. Tn. that you send some hands." (ltr C. A. Simmons to Sec War 8/19/62)

Cooper detailed his frustration in a letter to an Atlanta newspaper after the unfinished naval ram, the Mississippi, had to be burned to save if from capture. Delay on the ship was attributed to the failure of the Etowah IW "to complete its contract for bolts in due season." (Atlanta Intelligencer, date uncertain, clipping)

P. 185 Cooper said the order had been received on March 15 and he shipped "all the iron we had on hand or could make, to the exclusion of anybody's order." Again mentioned the lack of coal from Chattanooga and the loss of 70 men who had volunteered for the army.

The result was the government would not supply the men Cooper needed, but decided to buy the Works and had it run by Quimby & Robinson. Contract 7/19/65 That company began to report the exact labor and coal problems Cooper had identified only 5 days after the sale was made.

--- So you can see why I do not think Cooper rebuilt his works to make armor plate.
That then seems to strongly suggests that Easons rolled the plate for the Charleston vessels from bar iron supplied by Etowah, since it did not come from Schofield & Markham.
 
All across the border states slaveholding was evolving in 1860. The classic plantation model was, for a variety of reasons, no longer profitable. Re: Robert E. Lee's woeful attempts to make his wife's inheritance into a paying operation. Many slaves were highly skilled craftsmen & women worth $1,500 to 2,500.

In Richmond, for example, a large number of slaves lived independent lives only paying their owners a monthly fee. "Extras," the market term for surplus labor, were extremely lucrative. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia slaveholders were dependent on the sale of extras for their economic survival. It is no exaggeration to say that the Old Virginia that Lee, et al, were fighting for was an economy that raised human beings for sale.

All you have to do is look at the advertisements that N.B, Forrest & partner placed in Memphis papers to see how the market in skilled extras worked. House servants, lady's maids, blacksmiths & other tradesmen from border states were offered for sale.

In Middle Tennessee slaves had a reputation for being unusually literate. Here in Murfreesboro, the slave children of Oaklands & other plantations were taught ABC's by the mistress & her daughters. In town, the Spence family had custom carriage shop dependent on the labor of group of highly skilled slaves.

In the corner where Tennessee & Kentucky meet the Mississippi River, a major iron smelting area was manned by industrial slaves. The loss of that major source of iron & manufacturing capacity when Fort Donelson fell & A.S. Johnston ordered a general retreat was a major strategic blow.

The message here is that there was a large highly skilled body of slaves in the Upper South. Perhaps the experience of Wessington Plantation, northwest of Nashville is a telling example of the crisis of skilled labor that plagued CSA operations. A master blacksmith was an essential member of the very large, very profitable Wessington tobacco production. In a short period of time one blacksmith after another disappeared.

The burgeoning iron industry in the North was desperate for master & journeyman metal workers. Via the jungle telegraph skilled slaves were actively recruited. The butlers, pastry cooks, maids, valets, & other household that had been trained to a very high standard were offered top wages by the new spas & hotels that catered to the rising wealthy industrial classes.

As always, follow the money to get to the heart of an issue. There was a large body of highly skilled individuals that were the product of the evolution of slaveholding. Barrels of ink were expended defending the superiority of slave vs free labor. Regardless of the highly reasoned arguments, the market for skilled workers of all kinds was what drove the economy. $25 a month was what amounted to the minimum wage of a journeyman worth $1,500 ($70,000 +/- 2024 dollars) drew skilled slaves northward.

Needless to say, market forces sucking skilled labor away from slaveholding enterprises just when wartime production was an existential threat to the CSA's survival.

Note: A large body of letters written by elite slaveholding families reflect genuine hurt feelings & shock when their house servants were the first to run off post secession. It was no secret that the prime light skinned household staff were blood relations. Some variation of, "How could our lifelong friends do this to us?" was the common theme. Slaveholders grieved for what they saw as a personal betrayal. Needless to say, the enslaved saw the relationship in quite another way.
When John L Porter made his visit to Charleston then on to Mobile and Montgomery, he note that all three places were utilising freedmen and slaves in the shipyards and foundries.
 

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