Jason,
You might want to view the following site for a bit of background about taxes in the US.
Fact Sheet on the History of the US Tax System.
http://www.treas.gov/education/fact-...es/ustax.shtml
As for taxes and the Civil War, I found an interesting fact or two from the book,
Greenback, The Almighty Dollar and the Invention of America, by Jason Goodwin.
"The Union entered the war with
two hundred thousand dollars in its coffers, but the treasury secretary, Salmon P. Chase, remained cool until the Battle of Bull Run in
July 1861 upset all hopes of an easy victory over the South. The army was now looking at a long campaign, and soldiers needed to be paid. Chase borrowed from the northern banks, sold war bonds to patriotic investors, and finally, sorrowfully (for he was a hard-money man) he turned to the option of printing money. In April 1862 Chase issued $150 million on the credit of the United States. Five months later he ordered a second round of $150 million, and another $150 million the next year. The second issue included the first government-issued one-dollar bills. They were like nothing like the dollar bills Americans already knew, with pictures of "Indians, steamboats, trains, settlers, frontiersmen, buffalo, Liberty, Justice and historical statesmen like Washington and Jefferson." They actually bore a portrait of Salmon P. Chase himself, and were printed in black ink on the front but in green on their backs."
Hence the name, greenbacks.
Sincerely,
Unionblue