been placed in splints, with his right arm in a sling. It would be another week before he would be able to ride at all, and then only with a courier often leading his horse.³

At the beginning of the Maryland Campaign, the Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two infantry commands, or "wings."⁴

Forty-one-year-old Maj. Gen. James Longstreet commanded one wing of the army. A native of South Carolina, Longstreet had graduated from West Point in 1842. Like Lee, he was wounded in the Mexican War. At the beginning of the Civil War, Longstreet resigned his U.S. Army commission and accepted a commission as brigadier general in the Confederate Army, commanding an infantry division. In October of the same year Longstreet was appointed major general and during the summer of 1862 commanded a wing in the Army of Northern Virginia. Longstreet's wing contained the divisions of Maj. Gens. Lafayette McLaws and Richard H. Anderson, as well as Brig. Gens. David R. Jones, John B. Hood, and John G. Walker.

Thirty-eight-year-old Virginian Stonewall Jackson commanded Lee's other wing. Jackson had graduated from West Point in 1846 and resigned his commission almost ten years later to become an instructor at the Virginia Military Institute. When the Civil War broke out, Jackson accepted a colonelcy in the Virginia militia. Shortly thereafter, while a brigadier general at the First Battle of Bull Run, he earned the sobriquet Stonewall by standing firm against Union attacks. Jackson's wing included the divisions of Maj. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, Maj. Gen. Daniel H. Hill (Jackson's brother-in-law), Brig Gen. John R. Jones commanding Jackson's division, and Brig. Gen. A. R. Lawton commanding Ewell's Division (the name given to the division previously commanded by Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell). Jackson also spent time traveling in an ambulance. Shortly after entering Maryland, he was injured when his horse reared up and fell on him. Jackson was severely bruised and unable to ride for several days.⁵

In addition to the two infantry wings, Lee's army included a cavalry division commanded by 29-year-old Maj. Gen. James E. B. Stuart, a Virginian and 1854 graduate of West Point. Stuart's division also included three batteries of artillery commanded by Capt. John Pelham.

The artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of Antietam totaled approximately 246 guns, at least 82 of which

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